CHEMISTRY
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE
CHEMISTRY OF d-BLOCK
ELEMENTS
BY:HELLINE & DORITHY (6AS’10)
INTRODUCTION
1st row of d-Block elements consist 10
elements
All except scandium & zinc are transition
elements.
E.g: Sc ([Ar]3d 14s 2 ) → Sc3+ ([Ar]3d 04s 0)
Zn([Ar]3d 104s 2) → Zn2+ ([Ar]3d 104s 0)
GENERAL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OF THE TRANSITION ELEMENTS
Exhibit variable oxidation states in their
compounds
Form complex ions
Form coloured compounds
Show catalytic properties
VARIABLE OXIDATION STATES
Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu
+1
+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3
+4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4
+5 +5 +5 +5 +5
+6 +6 +6
+7
HIGHER OXIDATION STATES OF
TRANSITION ELEMENTS
Ti TiO2+(+4)
V VO2+ (+4);VO+ (+5)
Cr CrO42- (+6) ;Cr2O72- (+6)
Mn MnO42- (+6);MnO4- (+7)
Fe FeO42- (+6)
COMPLEX IONS FORMATION
Ions which are formed when a metallic or
ions (ligands) by datives bonds.
E.g,oxygen atom (in H2O) known as donor
atoms
Central metal ions (lewis acids) must have
high charge density and empty orbitals to
accept the lone pair of electrons from the
ligands
CLASSIFICATIONS OF LIGANDS
Monodentate ligand -one donor atom can
form one dative bond. E.g, F- (fluoro) ,Cl-
(chloro),NO2- (nitro)
Bidentate ligand-one donor atom can
multiple datives bond. E.g,ethanedioate
ion
Hexadentate ligand-number of datives
bonds that can be formed by the ligands.
E.g,EDTA(ethylenediaminettetracetate)
NAMING OF COMPLEXES
Precedes the name of the central metal ion
Neutral or cationic complexes-normal name
Anionic complex-named as its salt
Named as one word without space between
ligands and metals ions
Prefix bis,tris and tetrakis-replaced the
prefixes of di,tri and tetra
THE GEOMETRY OF COMPLEXES ION
Depends on the number of datives bonds formed
between the central ion and the ligands
Complexes with coordination no.of:
2-linear
e.g. diamminesilver(I)
4-either tetrahedral or square planar
e.g. tetraamminecopper (II)
6-octahedral
e.g. hexaaquairon (II)
TETRACARBONYLNICKEL OCTAHEDRAL
COLOUR OF COMPLEXES
Most are coloured
Depends on:
-the nature of the central metal ion
-the oxidation state of the metal ion
-the type of ligand
E.g: Mangnase:MnO42- (green), MnO4-
(purple)
Aqueous transition
metal cations are
usually coloured
CATALYTIC PROPERTIES
Are important catalysts especially in
commercial processes
Due to ability to exhibit variable oxidation
states or have empty orbitals in their
valence shell
REACTIONS THAT ARE CATALYSED BY
TRANSITION ELEMENTS UR COMPOUND
PROCESS REACTION CATALYST
CONTACT 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2 SO3(g) V2O5(s)
HABER N2 (g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2 NH3(g) Fe(s)
HYDROGENATION CH3 −CH = CH2 (g) →CH3 −CH2 CH3 (g) Ni(s)
THERMAL 2KClO 3 (s) → 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g) MnO2 (s)
DECOMPOSITION
OXIDATION 2I- (aq) +S2O82- (aq) → I2 (aq) + 2 SO42- (aq) Fe3+ (aq) or Fe2+
(aq)
HOMOGENOUS CATALYST
Catalyst+reactants are in the same
physical state
E.g: 2I- (aq) +S2O82-(aq) → I2 (aq) + 2 SO42-
(aq)
2KClO 3(s) → 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g)
HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS
Catalyst is in different physical state from
the reactants
E.g: H2 (g) + I 2 (g) ⇌ 2HI (g) (catalyst=solid
nickel)
N2 (g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2 NH3(g)
(catalyst=solid ferum)
ISOMERISM IN COMPLEXES
ISOMERISM-the existence of 2 or more
different compounds havind the same
molecular formula
3 types:
-geometrical
-optical
-structural
GEOMETRICAL ISOMERISM
Shown by:
a.square planar complexes with the formula of
Ma2b2
b.octahedral complexes with the formula of
Ma4b2 and Ma3b3
c.octahedral complexes with the formula of M(x-
x)2b2
Where a and b are monodentate ligands and (x-x)
are bidentate ligands
OPTICAL ISOMERISM
Occurs in octahedral complexes which do not
have a plane of symmetry
E.g. EDTA complexes:
Structural isomerism
Occurs in complexes having the same molecular
formula but different with respect to the type of
ligands that are bonded to the central ion
An interesting example-chromium having the
molecular formula of CrCl3.6H2O
There are 3 compounds-dark green,light green
and purple
Can be differentiate by the num of moles of
silver chloride precipitated when excess aqueous
silver nitate is added
USES OF d-BLOCK ELEMENTS &
THEIR COMPOUNDS
TITANIUM
CHROMIUM
COBALT AND MANGANESE
THE USES OF
CHROMIUM TITANIUM COBALT
PARAMAGNETISM
Weakly attracted by a magnetic field
Caused by the presence of unpaired electrons
PARAMAGNETIC-transition metal ions that have
unpaired electrons
FERROMAGNETIC-substance that are strongly
attracted by a magnetic field
e.g: iron,nickel and cobalt
DIAGMAGNETIC substances-have a slight
tendency to be repelled by a magnetic field and
contain no unpaired electrons
Thank you…
QUESTIONS…
1. Cisplatine is the cis isomer of the Pt(NH 3) 2Cl 2 complex
that is used as anti –tumor agent.
a. Give the IUPAC name for cisplatine
b.Draw the structure of cisplatine
2. Bis (ethylenediamine)dichlorocobalt (III) is an example of
a complex ion that exhibits stereoisomerism.
a. Draw the structure of all the stereoisomers of bis
(ethylenediamine)dichlorocobalt (III)
b. Write the valence shell electronic configuration of the
cobalt(III) ion in the bis (ethylenediamine)dichlorocobalt
(III) complex.
