Monitoring Power System through
Wide-Area Measurements
The inter-connection
The Global positioning system (GPS)-
satellite
Phasor measurement unit (PMU)
The wide-area measurement system
(WAM)
Applications of wide-area measurement
Phasor Measurement Technology
Phasor comparison requires synchronization
1 milli-sec in 50 Hz corresponds to 3600/20 =180
1micro-sec corresponds to =0.0180
Phasor Measurement Unit
Satellite-Arrangement
24 satellites on six orbits, at a height of 10898 miles
Each satellite covers 42% of the globe
The GPS-satellite
Signals from satellites are transmitted at
two frequencies 1227.6 and 1575.42 MHz.
The GPS clock is kept within 100 ns of
universal coordinated time.
Messages from GPS satellites- contain-
location of satellite and date-time stamp
The GPS-satellite
With x,y,z position of receiver (PMU-
station) and xi,yi,zi position of GPS
(xi-x)2+ (yi-y)2+ (zi-z)2= (Di-k)2
Where Di =(t)c, c being velocity of light and
k is clock bias error
To obtain position of PMU-station 4 satellites
are necessary. Afterward only signal from
one is sufficient.
Phasor Measurement Unit
GPS Time Receiver
Time, sync
50 Hz
component
DFT Frequency
& Rate-of-
Symmetrical Change of
Frequency
Component Algorithm
DFT
Voltage Transformation Frequency,
Positive
Current Sequence
dFreq/dt
Phasors
Power DFT
Real Time
Time synchronized sampling
System Data Output
of three phase waveform.
Trigger
Disturbance and flags
transient detectors,
data table storage
A PMU Kit
Synchronous data collection Topology
Synchrophasor Reporting rates
System 50 Hz 60 HZ
frequency
Reporting 10 25 10 12 15 20 30
rate
The PMU data sheet
PMU-data- what to do?
Collecting and collating these
measurements provides a basis for very
powerful techniques for monitoring,
protecting and controlling power networks.
The location of PMUs
Southern California Edison (SCE)
Wide
MarkArea Voltage
Adamiak , GEView
An event
The relative phasors
An oscillating situation
A severe contingency
Traditional Region of Protection of a Relay
Out-of-step relaying
When two areas of a power system or two
interconnected systems lose synchronism, the
areas should be separated in order to avoid
equipment damage or a system-wide shutdown.
Ideally, the systems should be separated at such
points as to maintain a balance between load
and generation in each of the separated areas.
To accomplish this, out-of-step tripping must
be used at the desired points of separation and
out-of-step blocking used elsewhere to prevent
separating the system in an indiscriminate
manner.
Out-of-step Relaying
Out of step relaying
While this philosophy may be simple and
perhaps obvious, it is often difficult to implement
an out-of-step relaying program. This is primarily
due to the difficulty in obtaining the necessary
system information to set the relays. To apply
out-of-step relaying on any system, the following
information is required.
1. Impedance swing loci for various system
conditions.
2. The maximum slip (max. angle) between
systems or system areas.
Backup protection-WAM
To prevent the occurrence of cascading
outages on the network, it is necessary to
vertically review and harmonize protection
design practices in power system
planning, operation and protection,
particularly back-up protection.
Relay Hidden Failures
Most of the disturbances were, however, initiated by some abnormal power
system states due to severe weather, device failures, human errors, faults,
heavy load, reactive power shortages, etc. The subsequent mal operations of
the protection systems then further degraded the power system states and
eventually caused the wide area disturbances.
A vexing problem for protection engineers is that of
hidden failures in the protection system. These are
failures that go undetected when the power system is
in a normal state and that contribute unnecessary
trips when the system is disturbed by faults or severe
dynamic conditions.
An application of WAMS
The back-up protection expert system (BPES) implemented in the
UK consists of a BPES data acquisition and communication system,
a BPES monitoring system, an expert system and breaker tripping
system, operates in a normal or an emergency modes. The BPES
monitoring system stays active and monitors the operational
response of conventional protection relays. On the detection of a
fault, a timer will be set and the expert system will be invoked after a
pre-set time delay of 200ms has expired. The expert system, which
usually is in an inactive state, analyses the action factors of the lines
that are likely to be affected by the fault and decides on the best way
to isolate the fault that has failed to be cleared by the main
protection. The BPES blocks the trips that are additional to the fault
isolation if blocking is allowed.
GE distance relay
D60 comes with optional integrated phasor measurement unit (PMU)
providing synchronised phasor information of fundamental
voltage, current and sequence components at a user programmable
streaming rate of 1 to 60 seconds. The D60 meets all and exceeds
many of the requirements of the IEEE C37.118 synchrophasors
for power systems standard. The D60 can stream synchrophasors over its
Ethernet port (optionally redundant). In addition to streaming
synchrophasors, the D60 has 25Mb of on board storage that can be
triggered by several standard trigger settings, manually,or by via user-
configured options.
Phase-angle from 38 PMUs
300
250
200
150
Angle (degree) 100
50
-50
-100
-150
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time(s)
Extracting the grid health signature
DATA INFORMATION DECISION
WAMS
WIDE AREA
WACS
WIDE AREA
MEASUREMENTS
INPUTS ? CONTROL
OUTPUTS
What Software is Inside?
Operator needs
The key: Feature
information and
knowledge not data! extraction from data
Off-line Applications
Monitoring system stress (Phase angle separations)
Monitoring voltage support at critical locations Monitoring voltage support at
critical locations
Post disturbance analysis (what operated correctly or Post disturbance
analysis
Monitoring modal oscillations and modal damping
Monitoring dynamic power swings Model validation/establishing limits using
off Model validation/establishing limits
Analysis tools monitoring machine excitation and governor systems
System Voltage and reactive power management
Pattern recognition and AI tools for quick event analysis
System load response to voltage and frequency variations
The control action with WAMS
Out-of-step relaying
Load shedding
Controlled power system separation
Generation dropping
Fault clearing
Fast valving
Dynamic braking
Generator voltage control
Capacitor/reactor switching and static VAR compensation
Load control
Supervision and control of key protection systems
Voltage reduction
Phase shifting
Tie line rescheduling
Reserve increasing
Generation shifting
HVDC power modulation
Conclusions
Wide-area measurements using GPS are
capable of providing simultaneous scans of the
power system state, which are well suited to
monitor static and dynamic phenomena With
the availability of high-speed wide-band
communication channels, the collection of
these measurements at central sites has
become possible, thus opening up new
opportunities for adaptive relaying and
improved control concepts.
