Introduction to
Petroleum Geochemistry
Lesson-1:
Introduction
Overview of what you
are going to learn
UNDIP e-Library Procedures
References stored at the Geo
Computing Lab (Ground Floor) in
the PC-6 Hard Disk as shared
files
Get permission from the
administrator of the Lab
Log-in to PC-6 and get to: Libraries/My
Document/for undip use only
If PC-6 occupied then Log-in to other PC and look
at Network/komputer6/for undip use only
Further Readings
Chilingar, G.V. et al, 2005, Geology and
Geochemistry of Oil and Gas, Elsevier BV, Chapters
7 - 10
Demaison, G., 1984, The Generative Basin
Concept, AAPG Memoir 35
Magoon, L.B. and W.G. Dow, 1994, The Petroleum
System, AAPG Memoir 60, Chapter-1
Smith, J.T., 1994, The Petroleum System Logic as
an Exploration Tool in a Frontier Setting, AAPG
Memoir 60, Chapter-2
Objectives
Principles of hydrocarbon generation,
migration, accumulation and alteration
within Petroleum System framework
Source Rock Evaluation Techniques
Oil & Gas Characterizations
Basics of oil to oil and oil to source
rock correlations
Petroleum System Definition
The essential ELEMENTS and PROCESSES and all
genetically-related hydrocarbons that occur in
petroleum shows and accumulations whose
provenance is a single pod of active source rock
ELEMENTS PROCESSES
Source Rock Generation
Migration Route Migration
Reservoir Rock Accumulation
Trap
Seal Rock Preservation
AAPG
Petroleum System:
Source Rock Migration Traps Preservation
Elements:
Source Rock Processes:
Migration Route Generation
Trap Reservoir Rock Migration
Seal Rock Accumulation
Preservation
Video Oil and Gas Formation
Microscopic animals and plants (fossils)
Absence of oxygen
Kerogen Forming
Heat of the earth
Hydrogen and Carbon
Oil seeps
Traps
Source Rocks
Fine grained sediments thinly
laminated containing Organic
Matters (OM)
Anaerobic oxygen level < 0.5
mL/L lack of bioturbation
Deposited in low energy
environments (swamp, lake,
delta, lagoon, deep marine)
Kerogen Alteration to HC
Biogenic gas at shallow
depth (low temperature)
Increasing depth higher
temperature biogenic gas
disappear
Oil generation gradually
turns to wet gas and dry gas
with increasing depth
Biomarkers diminish at the
over-mature zone
Primary
Migration
expulsion of
HC out of
source rock
Secondary
Migration
HC
movement
along carrier
bed
Traps
HC Alterations
Petroleum
Naturally occurring hydrocarbons composed
almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen:
Gas (C1 C4)
Liquid (C5 C15) (@ room
temperature)
Solid (C15 and heavier)
Impurities (small amount) - NSO:
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Oxygen
Chemical Composition
Paraffins (Alkanes / Saturates):
Normal Paraffin (n-alkanes) straight chain
Iso-paraffin (i-alkanes) branched chain
Naphthene (cyclo-paraffin) 5 or 6 ring alkanes
Aromatic (benzene)
NSO compounds
Source Rocks
Fine grain sediments thinly laminated
containing Organic Matters (OM)
Anaerobic deposition oxygen level < 0.5 mL/L
lack of bioturbation
Deposited in low energy
environments (swamp, lake,
delta, lagoon, deep marine)
Samples for Source Rock Evaluation
Drill Cuttings
Side-wall Cores
Cores
Source Rock Evaluations
TOC Leco Carbon Analyzer
Rock Extracts
Rock-Eval Pyrolysis
Petrographic Analysis
Carbon Isotopic Evaluation
Source Rock Prediction Using Logs
Oil and Gas Fields Distribution
Oil and Gas Fields Distribution
Why some fields contain gas?
Others only gas?
Which fields sourced from Talang Akar?
Any other source rocks?
Further exploration potential?
Surface Geochemical Prospecting
Onshore Offshore
Surface Geochemical Prospecting
Unconventional Hydrocarbons
Coal Bed Methane CBM
Shale Oil / Gas
Thank you
for your attention
