FIRE

HAZARDS
 What does Fire Hazards mean?
 Fire hazards include all types of live flames, causes of
sparks, hot objects, and chemicals that are potential for
ignition, or that can aggravate a fire to become large and
uncontrolled. Fire hazards also include all types of potential
threats to fire prevention practices, firefighting, built-in fire
safety systems and situations that restrict the escape of
people from an affected building or area in the event of a fire.
FIRE HAZARDS
AND RELATED
CONCEPTS:
1. FIRE TRIANGLE - In order to understand how fire extinguishers
work, you first need to know a little bit about fire.
Four things must be present at the same time in order to
produce fire:
Enough oxygen to sustain combustion
Enough heat to raise the material to its ignition
temperature,
Some sort of fuel or combustible material, and
The chemical, exothermic reaction that is fire.

Oxygen, heat, and fuel are frequently referred to as the

"fire triangle." Add in the fourth element, the chemical
reaction, and you actually have a fire "tetrahedron." The
important thing to remember is: take any of these four
things away, and you will not have a fire or the fire will be
extinguished.
Essentially, fire extinguishers put out fire by taking away
one or more elements of the fire triangle/tetrahedron.
Fire safety, at its most basic, is based upon the principle of
keeping fuel sources and ignition sources separate.
 ELEMENTS OF FIRE TRIANGLE
[Link]
 A heat source is responsible for the initial ignition of fire, and is
also needed to maintain the fire and enable it to spread. Heat
allows fire to spread by drying out and preheating nearby fuel
and warming surrounding air.
[Link]
 Fuel is any kind of combustible material. It’s characterized by its moisture
content, size, shape, quantity and the arrangement in which it is spread
over the landscape. The moisture content determines how easily it will
burn.
[Link]
 Air contains about 21 percent oxygen, and most fires require at least 16
percent oxygen content to burn. Oxygen supports the chemical
processes that occur during fire. When fuel burns, it reacts with oxygen
from the surrounding air, releasing heat and generating combustion
products (gases, smoke, embers, etc.). This process is known as
oxidation.
 The Four Phases of Emergency Management
[Link]
refers to measures that reduce
the chance of an emergency
happening, or reduce the
damaging effects of unavoidable
emergencies. This is achieved
through risk analysis, which results
in information that provides a
foundation for typical mitigation
measures include establishing
building,codes ,zoning requirements,
and constructing barriers such as
levees.
[Link]
 Preparedness activities increase
a community’s ability to respond
when a disaster occurs. The
National Incident Management
System (NIMS) defines
preparedness as "a continuous cycle
of planning, organizing, training,
equipping, exercising, evaluating, and
taking corrective action in an effort
to ensure effective coordination
during incident response."
3. RESPONSE
 A well rehearsed emergency plan
developed as part of the preparedness
phase enables efficient coordination of
resources. Response actions carried out
immediately before, during, and after a
hazard impact are aimed at saving lives,
reducing economic losses, and alleviating
suffering. The response phase includes
the mobilization of the necessary
emergency services and first responders
in the disaster area. This is likely to
include a first wave of core emergency
services, such as firefighters, police and
ambulance crews.
4. RECOVERY
 Actions taken to return a
community to normal or near-normal
conditions, including the restoration
of basic services and the repair of
physical, social and economic damages.
Typical recovery actions include
debris cleanup, financial assistance to
individuals and governments,
rebuilding of roads and bridges and
key facilities and sustained mass care
for displaced human and animal
populations.
 The Complete Guide to What To Do
Before, During, and After a Disaster
Before:
 ·Install smoke detectors. Check them monthly. Change the batteries yearly, whether
they need it or not.
 · Develop an escape plan for different areas of the home, particularly focusing on
escaping from the bedroom areas. Each room should have two different ways of
escape in case one is blocked by fire. Practice it regularly.
 · Choose a safe meeting place outside the home. Make sure that everyone knows
where it is.
 · Practice setting off the smoke alarm at night when everyone is asleep. Studies show
that children may not be able to hear the alarm. Practice other methods of awakening
them, perhaps by bell or bullhorn.
 · Keep flashlights in each room. Keep at least one fire escape ladder on upper levels.
 · Practice evacuating while blindfolded. Smoke from house fires can be so thick that
you will not be able to see. Practice staying low to the ground while evacuating.
 · Know simple fire rules, such as feeling a door before opening it to determine if it is
safe. If it is hot, find another way out. Remember to stop, drop, and roll if your clothing
catches fire.
During
· Getting out quickly and safely is your only goal. Do
not try to “save” any objects, no matter how valuable.
 · Never use an elevator during a fire. Always take the
stairs.
 · Stay low to the ground. Cover your mouth and nose
with a cloth or your shirt to prevent breathing in
smoke or dangerous fumes.
 · Do not open a door that feels hot or has smoke
coming in from underneath or around the door frame.
 · Meet at your safe place, away from the fire.
 · Call the fire department or head to a neighbor’s
house to ask them to call.
After
 · Be sure that all individuals who are injured – be if from burns,
smoke inhalation, or injuries incurred while escaping – should be
treated by a doctor.
 · Do not return to the building until given the okay by the fire
authorities. For minor fires, make sure that there is no damage to the
structure of the home that could cause its collapse.
 · Throw out all food that was exposed to the fire and smoke.
 · Contact your insurance agent to get an inventory of all damaged
items, which could be covered. Save receipts that are related to the
fire.
 Learn tips for before, during, and after your investment property
purchase with Jason Hartman’s Private Investment Market Tour.
 A fire emergency evacuation plan (FEEP) is a written document which includes
the action to be taken by all staff in the event of fire and the arrangements for
calling the fire brigade. It can include any relevant information in relation to the
FEEP.
 General Fire Notice -For small premises this could take the form of a simple
fire action sign posted in positions where staff and relevant persons can read it
and become familiar with its contents.
 Staff Fire Notice - High fire risks or large premises will need more detailed
emergency evacuation plan which takes account of the findings of the risk
assessment, e.g. the staff significantly at risk and their location. In addition
notices giving clear and concise instructions of the routine to be followed in
case of fire should be prominently displayed.
 In certain cases you should nominate persons to implement
the fire action plan and give them adequate training in fire fighting and
evacuation procedures. The following items should be considered
where appropriate:
 Fire evacuation strategy
 Action on discovering a fire
 Action on hearing the fire alarm
 Calling the fire brigade
 Power/process isolation
 Identification of key escape routes
 Fire wardens/marshals
 Places of assembly and roll call
 Fire fighting equipment provided
 Training required
 Personal Emergence Evacuation Plan
 Liaison with emergency services
THANK YOU & GOD BLESS

SERAPION, CLARIZZA B,
GAS-1