Course: Hydraulic Structures
Eng.M.M.Qawdhan
MSc. Water Engineering
Civil Engineering
Gollis University
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4. SPILLWAYS
Introduction
Definition: Hydraulic structures are engineering structures
constructed for the purposes of harnessing and using water
resources (groundwater, surface water, lakes, sea, etc) or for
the prevention of the negative and destructive actions (floods,
shore erosion, etc) of water on the surrounding environment.
Ataturk Dam Spillway
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Dams
Definition of Dams
Advantages and Disadvantages of Dams
Classification of Dams
Types of Dams
What is a Dam?
A dam is a structure built across a stream,
river or estuary to retain water.
Dams are made from a variety of materials
such as rock, steel and wood.
Dams
Dams
Structure of Dam
Spillway
Freeboard
Sluiceway
Gallery
Heel
Toe
Definitions
Heel: contact with the ground on the upstream side
Toe: contact on the downstream side
Abutment: Sides of the valley on which the structure of the dam rest
Galleries: small rooms like structure left within the dam for checking operations.
Diversion tunnel: Tunnels are constructed for diverting water before the
construction of dam. This helps in keeping the river bed dry.
Spillways: It is the arrangement near the top to release the excess water of the
reservoir to downstream side
Sluice way: An opening in the dam near the ground level, which is used to clear
the silt accumulation in the reservoir side.
Advantages of Dam
Dams gather drinking water for Water Supply
people.
Dams help farmers bring water Irrigation
to their farms.
Dams help create power and Hydroelectric
electricity from water.
Dams keep areas from
flooding.
Flood Control
Dams create lakes for people to Recreation
swim in and sail on.
Navigation
Disadvantages of Dam
Dams detract from natural settings, ruin nature's work
Dams have inundated the spawning grounds of fish
Dams have inhibited the seasonal migration of fish
Dams have endangered some species of fish
Dams may have inundated the potential for
archaeological findings
Reservoirs can foster diseases if not properly maintained
Reservoir water can evaporate significantly
Some researchers believe that reservoirs can cause
earthquakes
Storage structures - Dams
Dam: Dam is any artificial barrier and its appurtenant works
constructed for the purpose of holding water or any other fluid.
There are three common classification schemes for dams. According to
the function performed, dams are classified into:
i) storage dams for impounding water for developmental uses.
ii) Diversion dams for diverting streamflow into canals or other
conveyance system and
iii) Detention dams to hold the water temporary to retard flood flows
From hydraulic design considerations, dams are classified as:
i) overflow dams to carry discharge over their crests, and
ii) non-overflow dams, which are not designed to be overtopped.
Storage (dams)
Diversion (diversion dams / weirs / barrages)
Conveyance structures (canals, aqueducts…)
DAMS
Dams are classified based on their purpose, shape, material used and
mode of construction
TYPES OF DAM
Embankment Dams
Concrete Dams
Composite Dams
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DAMS
Embankment Dams
Earth fill Dams
Rock fill Dams
Types of Earth fill Dams
Homogeneous earth fill
Modified Homogeneous
Zoned earth fill
Hydraulic fill Dams
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DAMS
Homogeneous
Modified Homogeneous
Zoned
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Types of Earth fill Dams
DAMS
Types of Rock fill Dams
Central core
Sloping core
Diaphram
Sloping Core
Diaphragm
Central Core
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DAMS
Types of Concrete Dams
Concrete Arch Dam
Concrete Buttress Dam
Concrete Gravity Dam
Concrete gravity dam
Concrete arch dam
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Concrete buttress dam
DAMS
COMPOSITE DAM
This dam is a combination of embankment and concrete dam.
It generally consists of concrete gravity or buttress sections in
combination with earth fill or rock fill sections.
The concrete dam portion helps to pass flood flows over or through
the section during construction, and act as the spillway after
construction. The earth or rock fill section take advantage of low cost
construction and local materials.
EARTH DAMS
Earth dams have been used for water storage since early civilization.
Earth dams may be built of rock, gravel, sand, silt or clay in various
combinations.
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SELECTION OF DAM SITE
This depends upon hydrologic, topographic, and geologic conditions;
storage capacity of reservoir; accessibility; cost of lands and
necessary relocations of prior occupants or uses; and proximity of
sources of suitable construction materials.
For a storage dam the site should have the desired amount of storage
to be economically developed. Power dams must be located to
develop the desired head and storage.
For a diversion dam the site must be in conjunction with the location
and elevation of the outlet canal or conduit.
Site for navigation dams involves factors such as desired navigable
depth, channel width, slope of river channel, natural river flow, amount
of bank protection, amount of channel dredging, approach and exit
conditions for tows, and locations of other dams.
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DAMS
Unless other conditions are satisfactory, hydrological features may
need to be subordinated.
Topographic characteristics include width of the flood plain, shape
and height of valley walls, existence of nearby saddles for spillways,
and adequacy of reservoir rim to retain impounded water.
Geologic conditions include the depth, classification, engineering
properties of soils and bedrock, occurrence of sinks, faults, and major
landslides at the site or in the reservoir area.
The elevation of ground water table influence the construction
operations and suitability of borrow materials.
The reservoir water recharges the ground water and have adverse
effects on mineral resources.
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DAMS
It depends on the estimated costs of various types.
Important factors are topography, foundation conditions and the
accessibility of construction materials.
A hard-rock foundation is suitable for any type of dam, provided
the rock has no unfavorable joints, no movement in existing faults,
and seepage is controlled at reasonable cost.
Rock foundations of high quality are essential for arch dam
because the abutments receive the full thrust of the water.
Rock foundations are necessary for all concrete dams.
An earth dam may be built on almost any kind of foundation if
properly designed and constructed.
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■ Thank you
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