1C8 Advanced design

of steel structures

prepared by
Josef Machacek
List of lessons

1) Lateral-torsional instability of beams.

2) Buckling of plates.
3) Thin-walled steel members.
4) Torsion of members.
5) Fatigue of steel structures.
6) Composite steel and concrete structures.
7) Tall buildings.
8) Industrial halls.
9) Large-span structures.
10) Masts, towers, chimneys.
11) Tanks and pipelines.
12) Technological structures.
13) Reserve.

2
 Objectives

Introduction 1. Buckling of plates

Buckling due to
direct stresses

Effective width
method • Introduction (plate stability and strength).
Shear buckling

Buckling under • Buckling due to direct stresses.

local loading

Interaction N+M+F • Effective width method.

Assessment

Notes
• Shear buckling.
• Buckling under local loading.

3
 Objectives

Introduction Introduction
Buckling due to
direct stresses

Effective width
method Stability of an ideal (flat) plate:
Shear buckling

Buckling under various loading

local loading
Solution is based on linearized relation
Interaction N+M+F various boundary of a plate with „large deflections":
conditions
Assessment   4w  4w  4w  *  w
2
*  w
2
*  w
2
D  2 2 2    Nx  2N xy  Ny 0
Notes  x
4
 x y y 4  x 2 xy y 2

+ relevant boundary conditions

Thereof infinitely many solutions:

• critical stresses * (or N*) – take the lowest

• respective shapes of deflection w (modes of buckling)

4
 Objectives

Introduction Introduction
Buckling due to
direct stresses

Effective width Critical stresses are given as:

method

Shear buckling
 cr  k σ   E or  cr  k   E
Buckling under
local loading
critical stress factor Euler stress
Interaction N+M+F

Assessment
"Euler stress" E
Notes Auxiliary value, for a compression strut of width "1":
PE
2 2
PE  2D  2E  t  t
E       189800  
 
b
1  t 1  t  b 2 12 1   2  b  b
PE
1
Critical stress factor: k = 4
(depends on loading and
boundary conditions,
k = 23,9
see literature)
2
b
k = 5,34  4 
a
for 1
a b
5
 Objectives

Introduction Introduction
Buckling due to
direct stresses

Effective width
method Strength of an actual (imperfect) plate:
Shear buckling
Equations of a plate with „large deflections“ (Karman’s equations):
Buckling under
local loading   4w  4w  4w    2  2w  2  2w  2  2w 
(1) 
D 4 2 2 2  
4 

Et  2 2   0
2 
  y x 2 x y x y x  y 
2 2
Interaction N+M+F  x x y y 
 
4
 
4
   w  w   2w 
4 2 2
(2) 2 2 2     0
y 4 x 2 y 2  xy 
Assessment
x 4 x y
Notes

Plate imperfections
stability initial residual stresses due to welding
(buckling modes) deflections

b cr,1
a idealized
w0 = b/200 real
cr,1 w0 weld

cr,1 w0

6
 Objectives

Introduction Introduction
Buckling due to
direct stresses

Effective width
method
Example of a compression plate with initial deflections and
residual stresses:
Shear buckling

Buckling under
t
local loading beff/2
Interaction N+M+F b
beff/2
Assessment
initial max = fy
Notes deflection

Resulting strengths are used in the form of reduction (buckling)

factors  :

 beff b
      db
fy b 0

7
 Objectives

Introduction Buckling due to direct stresses

Buckling due to
direct stresses

Effective width
method Eurocode 1993-1-5: Plated structural elements
Shear buckling
1. Buckling due to direct stress (loading N, M):
Buckling under
local loading Verification of class 4 cross sections:
Interaction N+M+F a) effective width method, in which the buckling parts of plates are
Assessment excluded,
b) reduced stress method, in which the stresses of full cross section are
Notes
determined and limited by buckling reduction factors x, z, w:
Ieff
a) aAeffA,effI,eff b)b A,A,I I

x x
x x, zz,
 w
eMe
M

Note:
b) does not include stress redistribution after buckling among
individual parts of cross section!!!

8
 Objectives

Introduction Buckling due to direct stresses

Buckling due to
direct stresses

Effective width
method Reduction (buckling) factors:

Shear buckling
Internal elements:
Buckling under

 p  0,055 3   
local loading
fy b/t
Interaction N+M+F   1,0 p    = 2/1

2
p
 cr 28 ,4  k σ
Assessment

Notes

For outstand compression elements similarly:

 p  0,188
 2
 1,0
 p

For k see next tables or Eurocode.

9
 Objectives

Introduction Effective width method

Buckling due to
direct stresses

Effective width Effective width method

method

Shear buckling The effectivep area of the compression zone of a plate: Ac,eff   Ac
Buckling under • internal elements:  = 1/2
local loading

2
Interaction N+M+F
1 2 1 >  ≥ 0: beff = b be1  beff
Assessment
5 
be1 be2
Notes b be2 = beff - be1

bc bt

 < 0: beff =  bc = b / (1-) be1 = 0,4 beff

be1 be2
be2 = 0,6 beff
b

Factors k

 1 1>>0 0 0 >  > -1 -1 -1 >  > -3

k 4,0 8,2/(1,05+) 7,81 7,81-6,29+9,782 23,9 5,98(1-)2

10
 Objectives

Introduction Effective width method

Buckling due to
direct stresses

Effective width • outstand elements:  = 1/2

method bt bc
Shear buckling beff 1 >  ≥ 0:  < 0:
1 1
Buckling under 2 beff =  c beff =  bc =  c /(1- )
local loading
c 2 beff
Interaction N+M+F
 1 0 -1 1 ≥  ≥ -3
Assessment
k 0,43 0,57 0,85 0,57-0,21+0,0782
Notes

beff beff
1 >  ≥ 0:  < 0:
1 1
2 beff =  c beff =  bc =  c /(1- )
2
c bc bt

Factors k
 1 1>>0 0 0>>-1 -1

k 0,43 0,578/(+0,34) 1,70 1,7-5+17,12 23,8

11
 Objectives

Introduction Effective width method

Buckling due to
direct stresses

Effective width Effective cross sections (class 4 cross sections):

method

Shear buckling axial compression moment

Buckling under
local loading
eM eM

Interaction N+M+F

Assessment
eN
Notes
this eccentricity invokes additional moment from the axial
force due to shift of neutral axis in interaction of M - N
Effective parameters of class 4 cross sections (Aeff, Weff) are determined
by common way.

Verification of cross section in ULS:

NEd M  NEd eN
1   Ed  1,0 (in stability checks:
f y Aeff f y Weff introduce , LT)
 M0  M0
12
 Objectives

Introduction Effective width method

Buckling due to
direct stresses

Effective width
method Stiffened plates: Ac,eff,loc
b1,edge,eff b3,edge,eff
Shear buckling

Buckling under Examples:

local loading - stiffened flange of a box girder,

- web of a deep girder. 1 b 2
 2 b 3
Interaction N+M+F 2
b1 b2 2
Assessment 2 2
3
2
Notes b1 b2 b3

middle part edges

Ac,eff   c Ac,eff,loc   bedge,eff t

global buckling reduction factor

(approx. given by reduction factor of the effective stiffener
- possible to calculate as a strut in compression)

[For more details see course:

Stability of plates]

13
 Objectives

Introduction Effective width method

Buckling due to
direct stresses

Effective width Example of buckling of longitudinally and transversally stiffened flange

method
of a box girder:
Shear buckling

Buckling under
local loading

Interaction N+M+F

Assessment

Notes

14
 Objectives

Introduction Shear buckling

Buckling due to
direct stresses

Effective width 2. Shear buckling (loading by shear force V):

method

Shear buckling Rotating stress field theory is used. Influence of stiffeners is included
Buckling under proportionally to higher critical stress – after modification agrees with
local loading tests.
Interaction N+M+F
Design resistance to shear (including shear buckling):
Assessment
 = 1,2 up to steels S460
Notes
 f y hw t 235
Vb,Rd  Vbw,Rd  Vbf,Rd  
3  M1 fy
contribution from the flanges (can be ignored)
contribution from the web
tf

VEd
Verification of ULS: 3   1,0 t hw
Vb,Rd
tf
bf

15
 Objectives

Introduction Shear buckling

Buckling due to
direct stresses

Effective width Shear buckling may be ignored for web slenderness:

method hw 72
unstiffened webs   (i.e. 60 for S235)
Shear buckling t 
Buckling under stiffened webs hw 31
local loading   k
(transverse, longitudinal) t 
Interaction N+M+F

Assessment Vcr Phase 1

Forming of tension diagonals Vcr
Beam behaviour
Notes in panels:

Phase 2
Vt Vt Truss behaviour

Phase 3
frame behaviour
Vf Vf (influence of several %)

16
 Objectives

Introduction Shear buckling

Buckling due to
direct stresses

Effective width  w fyw hw t

method Contribution from the web Vbw,Rd 
3  M1
Shear buckling

Buckling under Factor w for the contribution of the web to the shear buckling resistance
local loading may be (in acc. to tests) increased for rigid end post and internal panels:
Interaction N+M+F
Slenderness Rigid end post Non-rigid end post
Assessment

Notes  w  0,83 /   

0 ,83 /    w  1,08 0,83 /  w 0,83 /  w

 w  1,08 
1,37 / 0,7   w  0,83 /  w
w
Reason:
1,2 Rigid end post anchorage
1
of panels →
difference 22%

Non-rigid end post

1 2 w
17
 Objectives

Introduction Shear buckling

Buckling due to
direct stresses

Effective width
method
Web slenderness w
Shear buckling
• unstiffened webs (with the exception at the beam ends):

Buckling under fy / 3 hw
local loading w  
 cr 86,4 t 
Interaction N+M+F

Assessment • webs with transverse stiffeners in distance a:

Notes
hw
hw w 
37,4 t  k
na

Critical stress factor k:

k   5 ,34  4 ,00 hw / a 
2
as far as a / hw  1
k   4 ,00  5 ,34 hw / a 
2
as far as a / hw  1

[For webs with longitudinal stiffeners see course: Stability of plates]

18
 Objectives

Introduction Buckling under local loading

Buckling due to
direct stresses

Effective width 3. Buckling under local loading

method
3 types of loading are distinguished:
Shear buckling
a) through the flange ,
Buckling under
local loading b) through the flange and transferred directly to the other one,
Interaction N+M+F
c) through the flange adjacent to an unstiffened end.

Assessment Type (a) Type (b) Type (c)

Fs Fs Fs
Notes

V1,s ss V2,s
V hw ss c ss Vs
2,s
a

Local design resistance:

fy reduction factor due to local buckling
FRd  Leff t w (governed by critical stress)
 M1
effective length of web Leff = Fℓy effective loaded length
(governed by ss)
[In detail see Eurocode, or course: Stability of plates]
19
 Objectives

Introduction Buckling under local loading

Buckling due to
direct stresses

Effective width
method
Example of local web buckling:

Shear buckling

Buckling under
local loading

Interaction N+M+F

Assessment

Notes

20
 Objectives

Introduction Interaction N + M + F
Buckling due to
direct stresses

Effective width
method
Verification for local buckling:

Shear buckling FEd FEd

2    1,0
Buckling under FRd fy
local loading Leff t w
 M1
Interaction
N+M+F

Assessment
Interaction N + M + F:

Notes
 2  0,8 1  1,4

i.e.:
 
 
FEd  N M  NEd eN 
 0,8  Ed  Ed   1,4
fy fy Aeff fy Weff
Leff t w  
 M1   M0  M0 

21
 Objectives

Introduction

Buckling due to
Assessment
direct stresses

Effective width
method
• Ideal and actual plate – differences.
Shear buckling

Buckling under
local loading
• Eurocode approaches concerning
Interaction N+M+F buckling effects.
Assessment

Notes • Verification of class 4 sections.

• Design resistance to shear.
• Behaviour of webs under shear.
• Types of local loading.
• Verification for local loading.
22
 Objectives

Introduction Notes to users of the lecture

Buckling due to
direct stresses

Effective width
method • This session requires about 90 minutes of lecturing.
Shear buckling • Within the lecturing, buckling of plates under direct, shear and
local loading is described. The lecture starts with linear theory
Buckling under of buckling and resulting critical stress, followed with non-
local loading
linear theory of buckling of actual imperfect plate and its
Interaction N+M+F resistance. The buckling resistances under direct stress,
shear and local loading in accordance with Eurocode are
Assessment
commented.
Notes
• Further readings on the relevant documents from website of
[Link] and relevant standards of national
standard institutions are strongly recommended.
• Keywords for the lecture:
buckling of plates, ideal plate, real plate, buckling due to direct
stresses, buckling under shear, local buckling, interaction
formulas for buckling.
 Objectives

Introduction Notes for lecturers

Buckling due to
direct stresses

Effective width
method • Subject: Buckling of plates.
Shear buckling • Lecture duration: 90 minutes.
Buckling under • Keywords: buckling of plates, ideal plate, real plate, buckling
local loading due to direct stresses, buckling under shear, local buckling,
Interaction N+M+F
interaction formulas for buckling.
Assessment • Aspects to be discussed: Ideal plate, critical stress, real plate,
reduction factor. Behaviour of plates under shear loading.
Notes Behaviour of plates under local loading. Eurocode approach.
• After the lecturing, determination of effective cross section
parameters (class 4 effective parameters) should be
practised.
• Further reading: relevant documents [Link]
and relevant standards of national standard institutions are
strongly recommended.
• Preparation for tutorial exercise: see examples prepared for
the course.

24