Introduction to Spatial Database
System
Presented by Xiaozhi Yu
Outline
What is spatial database system?
What need to be presented?
Organizing the underlying space.
Spatial data types.
Spatial relationships.
Integrating geometry into DBMS data model.
Spatial indexing.
Spatial join.
System architecture.
What is spatial database system?
Spatial database is a database system
It offers spatial data types in its data model and
query language
It supports spatial data types in its implementation ,
providing at least spatial indexing and efficient
algorithms for spatial join
Modeling: What need to be presented?
Single object
Points, Lines and Regions
Modeling: What need to be presented?
Spatially related collections of objects
Partitions-----a set of regions
Networks-----points and lines
Modeling: Organizing the Underlying Space-
Discrete Geometric Bases
Simplex and simplicial complex:
Simplex :For each dimension d, a d-simplex is a minimal
object in that dimension. Any d-simplex is composed of
(d+1) simplicies of dimension d-1.
Simplicial complex: A finite set of simplices such that the
intersection of any two simplices in the set is a face (simplex
of d-1 dimension)
Modeling: Organizing the Underlying Space-
Discrete Geometric Bases
Realm: Conceptually represents the complete
underlying geometry of one particular application
space. A realm is a finite set of points and lines over
discrete grid.
Modeling: Spatial data types
Example : Rose algebra
Three data types
Points ---a set of R-points
lines ----a set of disjointed R-blocks
regions ---- a set of edge disjoint R-faces
Values are realm based, composed from elements from realm.
Kind : type sets
EXT = {lines, regions}
GEO= {points, line, regions}
=A kind for all partitions
Four classes of operations in ROSE
Four classes of operations in ROSE
Spatial Relationships
Several classes of relationships:
Topological relationships
Adjacent, Disjoint, Inside, etc.
Direction relationships
Above, below, north-of, southwest-of, etc.
Metric relationships
Distance < 100 , etc.
Relationships of simple regions
Integrating geometry into DBMS data
model
DBMS data model is extended by SDTs at the level of
atomic data types.
The central idea for integrating geometric modeling
into DBMS data model is to present “spatial objects ”
by objects with at least one attribute of spatial data
type.
Querying---fundamental operators
Spatial selection
Exp : cities select[center inside Bavaris]
Spatial join
Exp : cities rivers join[dist (center, route) < 50]
Spatial function application
Exp :
Other set operators
Overlay , fusion, Voronoi
Spatial indexing
Two ways:
Dedicated external spatial data structures are added to the
system, offering for spatial attributes. Like B-tree does for
standard attributes.
Spatial objects are mapped into a one-dimensional space so
that they can be stored within a standard one-dimensional
index such as a B-tree.
Spatial indexing : approximations
Spatial keys are much simpler geometric objects than
the SDT value itself.
Spatial indexing : grid approximation
An example : grid approximation. Space is
divided into cells by grid and SDT value is
represented by a set of cells that it intersect.
Spatial indexing : grid approximation
Any shape(a set of cells) can be represented by a
set of bit strings called z-elements.
For a spatial object, use its corresponding set of
z-elements as a set of spatial keys.
Spatial index structures for points
Grid file : partition data space by irregular grid into
cells.
Scales : split line position, one scale per dimension.
Directory: entries are pointers to buckets.
Spatial index structures for rectangles
There are three approaches:
Approach 1 Transformation : a rectangle represented by
four points can be regarded as one point in four dimensions.
Spatial index structures for rectangles
There are three approaches:
Approach 2 Overlapping regions:
Spatial index structures for rectangles
There are three approaches:
Approach 3 Clipping:
Supporting spatial join
Central ideas for computing spatial join are the
filter and refine strategy and use of spatial index
structures.
Strategies classification criteria:
Grid approximation/bounding box
None/one/both operands are represented in a spatial index
structure.
Supporting spatial join : Grid
approximation/bounding box
Grid approximation:
A parallel scan of the two sets of z-elements corresponding
to the two sets of spatial objects is performed, similar to a
merge join for a “<=” predicate.
When using the bounding box :
For each object , the bounding box of its SDT attribute is
used as a search argument. The problem is to determine for
two sets of rectangles R,S, all pairs (r, s) , r intersects s.
Supporting spatial join
None indexes
Algorithms such as bb_join, an external divided-and conquer
algorithm, similar to external merge join.
Use seeded tree to build an index for one operand on the
fly.
One index
Index join or repeated search join can be used.
Inner operand is represented in an index. Scan the outer
operand set and for each object, the bounding box of its
SDT attribute is used as a search argument on the index.
Supporting spatial join
Both operand have indexes
Perform synchronized traversal of the two index structure so
that pairs of cells of their respective partitions covering the
same part of space are encountered together.
System architecture
Layered architecture: spatial functionality is built
on top of a given DBMS.
System architecture
Dual architecture:
Integrated spatial DBMS architecture- using
an extensible DBMS
Thank You
