Concentration of Acids & Alkalis
Solute + solvent → solution
(sugar) (water) (sugar solution)
Solution is a mixture formed by
dissolving a solute in a solvent.
Concentration → quantity of
solute in a given volume of
solution.
unit : mol dm−3 or g dm−3
Concentration when expressed
in moles per dm3 is called
molarity.
Example 1
4.0 g of sodium hydroxide, NaOH is
dissolved in water to make 200 cm3 of
solution. What is the concentration of
the solution in g per dm3 ?
Example 2
A 400 cm3 salt solution was evaporated
to dryness and 18.0 g of sodium
chloride was left behind. Calculate the
concentration of the salt solution in g
dm−3 ?
Example 3
Concentrated phosphoric acid was
added slowly to water to produce 5.0
dm3 of diluted acid solution. 100 g of
pure acid was present in the solution.
Express the concentration of the acid in
g dm−3 ?
Example 4
What is the molarity of solution
prepared by dissolving 0.15 mole of
ammonia in enough distilled water to
make 250 cm3 of solution ?
Example 5
Copper (II) oxide reacts with dilute
sulphuric acid to produce 1.2 moles of
copper (II) sulphate. The final volume
of the salt solution is 1.8 dm3. What is
the molar concentration of the salt
solution ?
Example 6
An alkaline solution of potassium
hydroxide has a concentration of 2.8 g
dm−3. Calculate the molarity of the
solution.
[Relative atomic mass : H, 1 ; O, 16 ;
K, 39 ]
Example 7
Vinegar contains ethanoic acid,
CH3COOH. Analysis done on a sample of
the vinegar solution shows its
concentration to be 1.5 mol dm−3. What
is the concentration of the vinegar
solution in g dm−3 ?
[Relative atomic mass : H, 1 ; C, 12 ;
O, 16]
Example 8
A 200 cm3 of solution was found to
contain 24.5 g of dissolved sulphuric
acid. What is the molarity of the acid
solution ?
[Relative atomic mass : H, 1 ; O, 16 ;
S, 32]
Example 9
A student pipetted 25.0 cm3 of sodium
hydroxide solution into a conical flask.
The concentration of the alkali is 1.2
mol dm−3. Calculate the number of
moles of sodium hydroxide in the flask.
Example 10
Calculate the mass of hydrochloric acid
in 300 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm−3 hydrochloric
acid.
[Relative atomic mass : H, 1 ; Cl, 35.5]
Example 11
Calculate the number of moles of
hydrogen ions in 500 cm3 of 1.0 mol
dm−3 sulphuric acid.
Standard Solution
Solution whose concentration is
accurately known.
Preparation of standard solution
Mass of solute needed is weighed.
The solute is dissolved completely in
some distilled water & is transferred to
a volumetric flask.
Enough water is added to give the
required volume & the flask is shaken to
ensure thorough mixing.
Dilution Equation
Since adding water does not change the
number of moles of solute,
M1V1 = M2V2
Example 12
Calculate the volume of concentrated
acid needed to prepare 5.0 dm3 of 2.0
mol dm−3 HNO3 from 18 mol dm−3
HNO3.
Example 13
What volume of 2.0 mol dm−3 sulphuric
acid is needed to prepare 100 cm3 of
1.0 mol dm−3 sulphuric acid ?
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~
Still Thoughts
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善報 , 自然輕安自在 .
Neutralisation
Acid + alkali → salt + H2O
Neutralisation
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
HNO3 + KOH → KNO3 + H2O
Acid-base titration
Titration – useful technique in which
one solution is used to analyse another
solution.
One of the solutions must be a standard
solution.
End point is the point at which the
indicator changes colour (pH 7).
Can also be determined by its pH value
& conductivity.
pH
Conductivity
Acidic & alkaline solutions conduct
electricity → contain ions.
When an alkali is slowly added to an acid,
the electrical conductivity of the acid
solution ↓.
H+ ions & OH− ions combine to form H2O
molecules → concentration of mobile ions
↓, making the solution less conducting.
Example 1
What volume of 0.20 mol dm−3 nitric
acid is required to neutralise 0.14 g of
potassium hydroxide ?
[RAM : O, 16 ; K, 39]
Example 2
What volume of ammonia gas,
measured at room conditions, is
required to neutralise 30 cm3 of 1.20
mol dm−3 sulphuric acid?
[Molar volume : 24 dm3 mol−1 at room
conditions]
Example 3
Calculate the mass of barium hydroxide
needed to neutralise 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol
dm−3 ethanoic acid?
[RAM : H, 1 ; O, 16 ; Ba, 137]
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and true.
~ Still Thoughts
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~ 靜思
