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Introduction to Chemistry Concepts

The document provides an introduction to chemistry, discussing what chemistry is, the different branches of chemistry including inorganic, organic, analytical, physical, and biochemistry. It also gives a brief history of chemistry, covering figures like Aristotle, Democritus, Lavoisier, Dalton, and Mendeleev, and discusses the scientific method and how math is used in chemistry.

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105 views39 pages

Introduction to Chemistry Concepts

The document provides an introduction to chemistry, discussing what chemistry is, the different branches of chemistry including inorganic, organic, analytical, physical, and biochemistry. It also gives a brief history of chemistry, covering figures like Aristotle, Democritus, Lavoisier, Dalton, and Mendeleev, and discusses the scientific method and how math is used in chemistry.

Uploaded by

Yumi Nabana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Mrs.

Coyle

Introduction to Chemistry
Part I
Chemistry and Technology
Chemistry
The study of:

 the composition (make-up) of matter

 the changes that matter undergoes


What is matter?
 Anything that:

 has mass
and
 occupies space (volume).
Mass vs Weight
 Mass: a measure of the amount of
matter that an object contains. (SI
unit kilogram, kg)

 Weight: The force with which the


earth pulls on an object. (SI unit
Newton, N)
The 5 Branches of Chemistry

 Inorganic
 Organic

 Analytical

 Physical

 Biochemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
 The study of chemicals that do not
contain carbon.
Organic Chemistry
 The study of chemicals that contain
carbon.
 Origin: study of chemicals in living
organisms.
Organic or Inorganic ?

 Sulfuric Acid H2SO4

 Methane CH4

 Hydrochloric Acid HCl

 Ethane C2H6
Analytical Chemistry
 Composition of matter.

Ex:
Mass Spectrometer
Gas Chromatograph
http://besg.group.shef.ac.uk/Facilities/Images/gcms.JPG
Physical Chemistry
 The study of :
 The mechanism
 The rate

 The energy transfer

that happens when matter


undergoes change.
Biochemistry
 Study of processes that take place
in organisms.
Science
 What?
 Why?

 How?

 When?
Science and Technology
 Science  Pure
 Does not necessarily have an
application.
 Technology  Applied
 Has practical applications in society.
 Engineering.
Question: Science or Technology?

Studying or forming aspirin in a lab in


small scale (small amounts).
Question: Science or Technology?
 Producing aspirin tablets so that
consumers can use them.
Example: Discovery of Nylon
by Wallace Carothers in 1930’s

http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/nylon/nylon.html

http://heritage.dupont.com/touchpoints/tp_1935-2/depth.shtml
Microscopic- Macroscopic
 Micro –(small)
 Microscopic- objects can be seen with
a microscope.

 Macro-(from afar)
 Macroscopic- objects are seen
without a microscope.
Part II – A Brief History and
the Scientific Method
Aristotle (Greece, 4th Century BC)

Philosopher who
believed that:
 There are 4 elements:

earth, water, air, fire.

 Matter is perpetually
divisible.
Democritus
(Greece, 4th Century BC)

 First atomic theory


 Atom (indivisible).
Alchemists (~300BC-1650 AD)
China, India, Arabia, Europe, Egypt

•Aiming to:
Change common
metals to gold.
Develop medicines.
•Developed lab
equipment.
•Mystical.
Galileo Galilei (Italy 1564 AD)

 Father of the
scientific method
(along with the Englishman
Francis Bacon 1500’s).
Antoine Lavoisier
(France 1743-1794)
 Regarded as the Father of Chemistry.
 Designed equipment.

 Used observations

and measurements.
 Discovered nitrogen.
Antoine Lavoisier (cont’d)

 Discovered the Law of Conservation of


Mass:
 In a chemical reaction mass is conserved.
Antoine Lavoisier (cont’d)
 Explained burning as reaction with
oxygen.

 Old theory: release of “phlogiston”.


Question:
 Does an iron nail gain mass or lose
mass when it rusts (a form of burning)?
John Dalton
(England 1766-1844)

 Atomic theory
Amedeo Avogadro
(Italy, 1776-1856)
 Avogadro’s Number 6.02x1023

 One mole of any substance contains


6.02x1023 particles.
Dmitri Mendeléev
(Russia, 1834-1907)

 First Periodic Table of elements.


The Scientific Method

 Steps followed during scientific


investigations.
Scientific Method
 Observation- recognition of a problem.
 Hypothesis- a proposed explanation of an
observation
 an educated guess
 must be testable.
 Experiment- a procedure used to test a
hypothesis (measurement, data collection,
manipulated and responding variables)
 Theory
 Law
Theory
 A well tested explanation for a broad
set of observations.
 May use models.
 May allow predictions.
 Theories may change to explain new
observations.
Law

 A statement that summarizes results of


observations, but does not explain
them.

 Changes or is abandoned when


contradicted by new experiments.
Note:
 The order of the steps can vary and
additional steps may be added.
“No number of
experiments can prove
me right;
a single experiment can
prove me wrong.”
Albert Einstein
Part III Math and Chemistry
 Math- the language of Science
Units

 SI Units – International System

 Basic Units
mks
Length (meter) m
Mass (kilogram) kg
Time (second) s

 National Bureau of Standards


Solving Word Problems
 Analyze
 List knowns and unknowns.

 Devise a plan.

 Write the math equation to be used.

 Calculate
 If needed, rearrange the equation to solve
for the unknown.
 Substitute the knowns with units in the
equation and express the answer with units.
 Evaluate
 Is the answer reasonable?

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