Evolution from 3G to 4G
Evolution from 3G to 4G
Mobile Generations
2
FIRST GENERATION(1G)
- Exists during 1960 to 1980’s.
- Originally analog System, voice-only cellular telephone.
- Based on TDMA.
SECOND GENERATION (2G)
- Radio signals used in 2G networks are Digital
- Gave a lot better quality and much more capacity.
- Main flavors of 2G
GSM
CDMA/CDMA One
2.5 GENERATION(2.5G)
- Direct extension of 2G
- Features: SMS, MMS and picture messaging, E-mail
- Main flavors of 2.5G
GPRS
EDGE(2.75G)
Evolution from 3G to 4G
Subscribers:GSM vs CDMA
3
Evolution from 3G to 4G
4
Evolution from 3G to 4G
5
Evolution from 3G to 4G
3G Vision
6
Prospect for global roaming.
Multimedia (voice, data & video)
Increased data rates.
384 kbps while moving.
2 Mbps when stationary at specific locations.
Increased capacity (more spectrally
efficient)
IP architecture.
Evolution from 3G to 4G
Classes of 3G
7
1. Conversational Class, (Voice calls)
2. Streaming Class, (Streaming Video)
3. Interactive Class, (e.g. Web Browsing)
4. Background Class, (e.g. background email
download)
Evolution from 3G to 4G
W-CDMA
8
W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access)is an air
interface standard found in 3G mobile telecommunications networks.
Radio channels are 5 MHz wide.
Backward compatibility with GSM support data rates from 8Kbps-
2Mbps
Supported mode of duplex: frequency division (FDD), Time
Division (TDD)
Variable mission on a 10 ms frame basis.
Multiuser detection and smart antennas can be used to increase
capacity and coverage.
Multiple types of handoff(or handover) between different cells
including soft handoff, softer handoff and hard handoff.
1:1 frequency reuse scheme
Evolution from 3G to 4G
FDD Technical summary
9
Frequency band:1920 MHz -1980 MHz and 2110 MHz - 2170 MHz (Frequency Division Duplex)
UL and DL
Minimum frequency band required: 2x5MHz
Frequency re-use: 1
Carrier Spacing: 4.4MHz - 5.2 MHz
Maximum number of (voice) channels on 2x5MHz: ~196 (spreading factor 256 UL, AMR
7.95kbps) / ~98 (spreading factor 128 UL, AMR 12.2kbps)
Voice coding: AMR codecs 4.75 kHz - 12.2 kHz
Channel coding: Convolutional coding, Turbo code for high rate data, Asymmetric connection
supported
Data type: Packet and circuit switch
Modulation: QPSK
Chip rate: 3.84 Mcps
Maximum user data rate (Physical channel): ~ 2.3Mbps
Maximum user data rate (Offered): 384 kbps (year 2002), higher rates ( ~ 2 Mbps) in the
near future. HSPDA will offer data speeds up to 8-10 Mbps
Frame length: 10ms (38400 chips)
Handovers: Soft, Softer, (interfrequency: Hard)
Evolution from 3G to 4G
TDD Technical Summary
10
Frequency band:1900 MHz -1920 MHz and 2010 MHz - 2025 MHz (Time Division Duplex)
Unpaired, channel spacing is 5 MHz and raster is 200 kHz. Tx and Rx are not separated in
frequency, but by guard period.
Minimum frequency band required: ~ 5MHz, ~ 1.6MHz with 1.28 Mcps
Frequency re-use: 1
Voice coding: AMR (and GSM EFR) codec
Channel coding: Convolutional coding, Turbo code for high rate data
TDMA frame consist of 15 timeslots
Each time slot can be transmit of receive
Asymmetric connection supported
Data by packet and circuit switch
QPSK modulation
Chip rate: 3.84 Mcps or 1.28 Mcps
Frame length: 10ms
Number of slots / frame: 15
Handovers: Hard
Evolution from 3G to 4G
3G Partnership Project (3GPP)
GSMUMTS
11
3GPP defining migration from GSM to UMTS(W-CDMA)
Core network evolves from GSM-only to support GSM,
GPRS and new W-CDMA facilities
3GPP Release 99 Specified the first UMTS 3G
networks, incorporating a CDMA air interface
3GPP Release 4 Adds all IP core network
3GPP Release 5First IP Multimedia Services (IMS) SIP
& QoS ,HSDPA
3GPP Release 6 Integrated operation with Wireless
LAN networks and adds HSUPA(uplink),enhancements to
IMS. All “IP network”.
Evolution from 3G to 4G
3G Partnership Project (3GPP2)
CDMA1(IS-95)CDMA2000(IS-41)
12
3rd Generation Partnership Project “Two”
Separate organization, as 3GPP closely tied to GSM and
UMTS
Goal of ultimate merger (3GPP + 3GPP2) remains
Evolution of IS-41 to “all IP” more direct but not any
faster
1xRTT — IP packet support (like GPRS)
3x — triples radio data rates
Evolution from 3G to 4G
CDMA2000
13
CDMA2000 is an air interface standard found in 3G
mobile telecommunications networks.
Compatible with CDMA1(IS-95)
Radio channels are 1.25MHz wide
Support for Multi carrier Technique(combining adjacent
channels and work in parallel)
Multiple types of handoff(or handover) between different
cells including soft handoff, softer handoff and hard
handoff.
1:1 frequency reuse scheme
Not much hardware upgrade needed.
Evolution from 3G to 4G
Upgrade Cost, By Technology
14
• CDMA upgrade to 2.75G is expensive; to
3G is cheap
•GSM upgrade to 2.5G is cheap; to 3G is
expensive
• TDMA upgrade to 2.5G/3G is complex
Evolution from 3G to 4G
W-CDMA (UMTS) Pros and Cons
15
Wideband CDMA
Standard for Universal Mobile Telephone Service
(UMTS)
migration path for other GSM operators(Backward
compatible)
Requires substantial new spectrum
5 MHz each way (symmetric)
Sales of new spectrum
Expensive
Data rates range from 8Kbps to 2Mbps.
Evolution from 3G to 4G
CDMA2000 Pros and Cons
16
Evolution from original Qualcomm CDMA Now known
as CDMAOne or IS-95
Better migration story from 2G to 3G(Cheaper
deployment)
CDMAOne operators don’t need additional spectrum
Multi carrier technique used (3xRTT)
Option for deploying EV-DO or EV-DV
1xEVD0 promises higher data rates than UMTS, i.e.
W-CDMA
Data rates up to 307Kbps…can be increased.
Evolution from 3G to 4G
2.5G Architecture
17
Evolution from 3G to 4G
3G Architecture(UMTS)
18
Evolution from 3G to 4G
UTRAN
19
UTRAN, short for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network, is a collective term for the
Node B's and Radio Network Controllers which make up the UMTS radio access
network
UTRAN consists of node B and RNC.
RNC provides various functionalities to node B and connects node B to core
networks.
RNC is analogous to BSC in GSM network.
Evolution from 3G to 4G
Core Network
20
The Core Network is divided in circuit switched and
packet switched domains. Some of the circuit switched
elements are Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC),
Visitor location register (VLR) and Gateway MSC.
Packet switched elements are Serving GPRS
Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS
Support Node (GGSN). Some network elements,
like EIR, HLR, VLR and AUC are shared by both
domains.
The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is defined for
UMTS core transmission.
The architecture of the Core Network may change when
new services and features are introduced. Number
Portability Database (NPDB) will be used to enable
user to change the network while keeping their old
phone number. Gateway Location Register (GLR)
may be used to optimise the subscriber handling
between network boundaries. MSC, VLR and SGSN
can merge to become a UMTS MSC.
Evolution from 3G to 4G
Functions of Core Network
21
Route calls across the PSTN.
Aggregation(Highest in the
hierarchy).
Authentication.
Call control/switching.
Charging/Billing.
Service Invocation(Customized
Service request)
Gateways.
Operation and Maintenance.
Subscriber Database.
Evolution from 3G to 4G
Functions of RNC
22
Node B Control
Radio Resource management Control
Channel Allocation
Load control
Power Control Settings
Handover Control
Macro Diversity
Ciphering (security)
Segmentation / Reassembly
Broadcast Signalling
Evolution from 3G to 4G
Functions of Node-B
23
Traditionally, the Node Bs have minimum functionality, and are controlled by an RNC (Radio
Network Controller). However, this is changing with the emergence of High Speed Downlink
Packet Access (HSDPA), where some logic is handled on the Node B for lower response times.
Air interface Transmission / Reception
Modulation / Demodulation
Applies the codes that are necessary to describe
channels in a CDMA system
Micro Diversity
Power control
Analogies can be drawn between the function of a
Node B and those of a BTS (Base Transceiver
Station).
Evolution from 3G to 4G
Functions of User Equipment(UE)
24
In the Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS),
user equipment (UE) is any device
used directly by an end-user to
communicate. It can be a hand-held
telephone, a laptop computer
equipped with mobile broadband
adapter, or any other device.
Mobility management.
Call control.
Session management.
Identity management.
Evolution from 3G to 4G
HANDOVER
25
Hard Handover(GSM and W-CDMA)
Soft Handover(W-CDMA)
Softer Handover(W-CDMA)
Evolution from 3G to 4G
AMR Codec
26
The Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR or AMR-NB) audio
codec is a patented audio data compression scheme optimized
for speech coding.
AMR was adopted as the standard speech codec by 3GPP in
October 1998 and is now widely used in GSM and UMTS.
It uses link adaptation to select from one of eight different bit
rates based on link conditions.
AMR is also a file format for storing spoken audio using the
AMR codec
AMR utilizes Discontinuous Transmission (DTX), with Voice
Activity Detection (VAD) and Comfort Noise Generation
(CNG) to reduce bandwidth usage during silence periods
Evolution from 3G to 4G
3G Transitional Technologies
27
3GPP family
HSPA(High Speed Packet Access)
HSDPA(High Speed Downlink Packet Access)
HSUPA(High Speed Uplink Packet Access)
HSPA+
LTE (E-UTRA)
3GPP2 family
EV-DO Rev. A(Evolution-Data Only)
EV-DO Rev. B
Flash- OFDM
Evolution from 3G to 4G
HSDPA
28
HSDPA is an enhanced 3G mobile telephony
communications protocol
It allows networks based on UMTS to have higher data
transfer speeds and capacity.
Features:
1. HS-DSCH channel
2. Hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ)
3. Fast packet scheduling
4. Adaptive modulation and coding
5. Decrease in latency and round trip time
Evolution from 3G to 4G
HSUPA
29
HSUPA is an enhanced 3G mobile telephony
communications protocol as termed by Nokia.
Termed as Enhanced Uplink(EUL) by 3GPP
The technical purpose of the EUL feature is to improve the
performance of uplink dedicated transport channels, i.e. to
increase capacity and throughput and reduce delay
HSUPA uses an uplink enhanced dedicated channel (E-DCH)
on which it will employ link adaptation methods viz.
1. shorter Transmission Time Interval enabling faster link
adaptation
2. HARQ (hybrid ARQ) with incremental redundancy
making retransmissions more effective
Evolution from 3G to 4G
HSPA+
30
HSPA+, also known as Evolved High-Speed Packet Access
is a wireless broadband standard defined in 3GPP release 7
HSPA+ provides HSPA data rates up to 56 Mbit/s on the
downlink and 22 Mbit/s on the uplink with MIMO
technologies and higher order modulation (64QAM).
MIMO on CDMA based systems acts like virtual sectors to
give extra capacity closer to the mast.
It also introduces an optional all-IP architecture for the
network.
Internet HSPA or I-HSPA is Nokia Siemens Networks
product concept implementing Evolved HSPA
Evolution from 3G to 4G
EV-DO
31
Evolution-Data Optimized(EV-DO) uses
multiplexing techniques including code division
multiple access (CDMA) as well as time division
multiple access (TDMA).
EV-DO was designed as an evolution of the
CDMA2000 (IS-2000) standard.
The back-end network is entirely packet-based.
Two versions EV-DO Rev. A and B.
EV-DO Rev. B is a multi-carrier evolution of Rev. A
specifications.
Evolution from 3G to 4G
Other 3G Technologies
32
Fast low-latency access with seamless handoff
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (FLASH-
OFDM), also referred to as F-OFDM, is a system that
is based on OFDM.
IEEE 802.20 or Mobile Broadband Wireless
Access (MBWA) is an IEEE Standard to enable
worldwide deployment of multi-vendor interoperable
mobile broadband wireless access networks.
It uses Packet Architecture.
Evolution from 3G to 4G
LTE
33
3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE), is the latest standard in
the mobile network technology tree that previously realized the
GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSxPA network technologies
The LTE specification provides downlink peak rates of at least
100 Mbps, an uplink of at least 50 Mbps and RAN round-trip
times of less than 10 ms.
LTE supports scalable carrier bandwidths, from 1.4 MHz to
20 MHz and supports both frequency division duplexing (FDD)
and time division duplexing (TDD).
Part of the LTE standard is the System Architecture Evolution, a
flat IP-based network architecture designed to replace the GPRS
Core Network
Evolution from 3G to 4G
LTE(E-UTRA)
34
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
(E-UTRA) is the air interface of 3GPP’s LTE
upgrade path for mobile networks.
It is not compatible or related with W-CDMA.
It uses OFDMA radio-access for the downlink and
SC-FDMA on the uplink.
Features:
Low data transfer latencies and very high data rates.
Packet switched radio interface.
Support for both FDD and TDD duplexes.
Evolution from 3G to 4G
FOURTH GENERATION
35
4G system will be designed to offer sufficient bit rates to
adapt data communications more efficiently to realize
the concept of “ANTHING ANYTIME ANYWHERE
ANYONE”.
One of the terms used to describe 4G is “MAGIC”.
M – Mobile Multimedia
A – Anytime ,Anywhere, Anything
G – Global mobility support
I – Integrated wireless solution
C – Customized personal service
Evolution from 3G to 4G
36
Evolution from 3G to 4G
NEED OF 4G
37
PERFORMANCE
INTEROPERABILITY
BANDWIDTH
TECHNOLOGY
COST
Evolution from 3G to 4G
COMPARSION OF DIFFERENT
TECHNOLGIES
38
GENERATION 1G 2G 2.5 3G 4G
DESIGN BEGAN 1970 1980 1985 1990 2000
IMPLEMENTATION 1984 1991 1999 2002 2010?
SERVICE/ Analog Digital Higher Superior Higher b/w,
FEATURES Voice, voice, capacity, voice Live
No data Short packetised Quality,upto features,
service msg data 2mbps global
roaming
DATA RATE 1.9kbps 14.4kbps 384kbps Up to Up to
2mbps 20mbps
ACCESS AMPS GSM, GPRS, EDGE, OFDM,
TECHNOLOGY CDMA MC1X CDMA2000 WOFDM
Evolution from 3G to 4G
ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY
DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
39
OFDM is a method of using many carrier waves instead of only
one, and using each carrier wave for only part of the message.
OFDM is a combination of modulation and multiplexing.
OFDM is also called multicarrier modulation (MCM) or
Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT).
Orthogonal Frequency Division is where the spacing
between carriers is equal to the speed (bit rate) of the
message.
Simply two signals can be said to be orthogonal within
[0,t]
i.e. ∫w1(t)w2(t) dt = 0
Evolution from 3G to 4G
Multipath Fading in OFDM
40
Evolution from 3G to 4G
41
Fig. Frequency Spectrum of OFDM
Evolution from 3G to 4G
Comparison of FDM AND OFDM
42
Fig. Comparison of frequency spacing between conventional
FDM and OFDM
Evolution from 3G to 4G
ADVANTAGES OF OFDM
43
Prevention of ISI
Simple implementation
Improving spectral efficiency
Simple receiver circuitry
Impulse noise rejection
Evolution from 3G to 4G
Conclusion
44
4G will make a significant difference and will add benefits to an
ordinary persons life over 3G
We should drop the existing generations as 4G will fulfill the needs of
users and the concept of “anytime, anywhere, anyone, anything”.
There are many challenges in NLOS communication channels. OFDM is
extremely well suited to overcoming those challenges.
The next evolution of wireless will be in data communications
applications that can deliver broadband services to anyone, anytime,
anywhere. With the combination of high bandwidth and increase in
signal integrity, OFDM will open up new markets for applications
Evolution from 3G to 4G
