HORMON
PERTUMBUHAN
DAN
PERKEMBANGAN
Biokimia FK USU
Dr.MUTIARA INDAH SARI, M.KES
Hormon Pertumbuhan,
Diferensiasi, Reproduksi
GH, IGF: merangsang pertumbuhan
linier dan proliferasi seluler
EGF,FGF, PDGF: faktor pertumbuhan dalam
jaringan, mengantarai pertumbuhan sel spesifik
Steroids sex hormon: testoteron pada pria dan
estrogen pada wanita pematangan organ
reproduksi dan pertumbuhan sex skunder
Hormon Pertumbuhan,
Diferensiasi, Reproduksi
Thyroid hormone: regulator pertumbuhan dan
perkembangan jaringan
Glucocoticoid: perkembangan sistem organ
pada fetus dengan mekanisme belum jelas
TSH : pertumbuhan kelenjar endokrin thyroid
ACTH: sel adrenal
LH, FSH: ovarium, testis
GROWTH HORMONE
GROWTH HORMONE
Also called Somatotropin
Polypeptide made up of 191 amino
acids, BM 21.500
Synthesis, storage & release: Lat.
Anterior Pituitary (somatotrof Anterior
Pituitary)
Long arm chromosone 17
Plasma level, Binding, Metabolism
Hydrophillic
GH binding protein (GHBP): binds GH in
plasma protecting from degredation.
Metabolism takes place in liver:
1/2t: 6-20min
GH – MOLECULAR ACTION
Binds to receptor –member of cytokine
receptor superfamily:
Dimerization of receptor leads to
Activation JAK2
Self phosphorlyation = phosphorylation of
STAT 1,3 and 5
STAT proteins are transcription factors
GH – MOLECULAR ACTION
Enter nucleus to DNA and lead to gene
transcription.
Activation of IGF1 and others
GH receptor induced by insulin and
estrogen and repressed by fasting
EFFECTS
Major effect: stimulation of post-natal
growth and development
Also has a role in regulation of
metabolism and body composition in
adults
Indirect Anabolic Effects
Works by stimulating production of an
insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1;
somatomedin C) in the liver
IGF-1 stimulates protein synthesis
(increase muscle mass, decreased
muscle breakdown, etc)
HORMON THYROID
Stimulates protein synthesis.
Promotes maturation of nervous system.
Important regulator in tissue growth and
development.
Mediates the secretion of GH and
somatomedins
Mechanism of Thyroid Hormone
Action
T4 passes into cytoplasm and is
converted to T3.
Receptor proteins located in
nucleus.
T3 binds to ligand-binding
domain.
Other half-site is vitamin A
derivative (9-cis-retinoic) acid.
DNA-binding domain can
then bind to the half-site of
the HRE.
Two partners can bind to the
DNA to activate HRE.
Stimulate transcription of
genes.
GROWTH FACTOR
IGF, EGF, PDGF, FGF, etc
Extracelluler signal molecules
Large variety
Very low concentration
(10E-9 – 10E-11 M)
INSULIN LIKE GROWTH FACTORS
IGF I (somatomedin-C); 70 AA
IGF II (somatomedin-A); 67 AA
Structure: homolog insulin
Have A and B chains connected by
disulfide bonds.
The connecting C-peptide
Differences in functions and effects with
insulin
IGF-I
The human IGF-I gene is located
on the long arm of chromosome 12
GH appears to be the primary
regulator of IGF-I gene transcription
Important for both fetal and
postnatal growth.
MOLECULAR ACTION
IGF-I receptor similar to IR
Has intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
– like insulin receptor
Receptor are dimer
IGF -I binding to receptor
cascade of phosphorylations
leading to succession of activations,
leading to end effect on organ
Efek GH dan IGF
IGF -II
mRNA found in liver, cartilage and
others
Found in trophoblast cells and
enhances placental growth
The human IGF-II gene is located
on the short arm of chromosome 11
Receptor is a monomer
In excess can stimulate insulin
receptor and cause hypoglycemia
EGF
Polypeptide,1207-amino-acid
Membrane receptor glycoprotein.
Receptor: monomer, intrinsic
tyrosine kinase activity
Tyrosine kinase–mediated
autophosphorylation
EGF
MOLECULAR ACTION
EGF binds receptor
Receptor dimerizes
Protein kinase intracellular domain
phosphorylates sites on its dimeric
partner (transphosphorylation)
Phosphorylate tyrosines
Cellular Functions
Cell proliferation
Stimulates proliferation of many cell
types
Differentiation
Keratinization of the epidermis;
maturation of fetal pulmonary epithelium
Androgens and Estrogens
Produced in gonads (ovaries, testes)
and adrenal glands, in puberty
Will fuse epiphysis and stop linear
growth
Earlier puberty in women contributes
to their shorter stature
Androgens
PrimarilyDHEA
(dihydroepiandrosterone)
Converted to estrogens, testosterone in
tissues
Secondary sex characteristics
In women: DHEA stimulates growth in
adolescence, e.g. muscle, bone
Important during fetal period and during
menopause
Estrogen
During puberty: 2º sex
characteristics
Promotes growth of uterus
Stabilizes blood cells in skin
Bone strength
Embryonic Sexual Development
TDF Indifferent gonads No TDF
Testes Ovaries
Testosterone MIF No testosterone
No MIF No MIF
MIF
Degenerates Mullerian Duct Uterus, fallopian
tubes
testosterone No
Epididymis, vas Wolffian duct testosterone Degenerates
deferens
Prostate, penis, DHT No
Other embryonic Vagina, labia,
scrotum DHT
structures clitoris
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is chemically
considered a subgroup of the
“Retinoids”
Identified as a fat-soluble factor
for Cellular differentiation, and
morphogenesis (embryonic
development)
MOLECULAR ACTION
Retinoic acids are transported on CRABP or
other retinoid-binding proteins to the
nucleus
Bound to one or more of the 2 retinoic acid
receptors RAR and RXR.
The RAR and RXR receptor form “dimers”
By RAR-RXR dimerization permits
interaction with specific nucleotide
sequences of nuclear DNA
Regulate gene transcription
with the potential to affect a variety of
body proteins
MOLECULAR ACTION
