Scribd
Upload
2K views45 pages

Renal-System PPT 2019

The renal system functions to remove waste from the body through urine production and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. The document outlines the structures involved - kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney that filter blood to form urine via ultrafiltration, reabsorption, and selective secretion. Hormones like ADH and aldosterone help regulate urine concentration and composition of electrolytes like potassium. The kidney plays a vital role in homeostasis.

Uploaded by

sankar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2K views45 pages

Renal-System PPT 2019

The renal system functions to remove waste from the body through urine production and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. The document outlines the structures involved - kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney that filter blood to form urine via ultrafiltration, reabsorption, and selective secretion. Hormones like ADH and aldosterone help regulate urine concentration and composition of electrolytes like potassium. The kidney plays a vital role in homeostasis.

Uploaded by

sankar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Renal System Overview: Introduction to the components of the renal system with labeled diagram.
  • Learning Objectives: Lists the learning goals for understanding the renal system including nephron function and regulatory processes.
  • Functions of the Renal System: Describes the excretion and waste management functions of the renal system.
  • Osmoregulation: Explains the osmoregulation process in maintaining osmotic balance.
  • Mammalian Renal System I - Kidneys: Details the structure and placement of kidneys in the abdominal cavity.
  • Mammalian Renal System II - Ureters: Describes ureters' role in urine transportation and prevention of backflow.
  • Mammalian Renal System III - Urinary Bladder: Covers the function and capacity of the urinary bladder including urination process.
  • Mammalian Renal System IV - Urethra: Details the function of the urethra in urine passage in males and females.
  • Nephron Structure and Function: Explores the components and role of the nephron in kidney function.
  • Types of Nephrons: Provides differences between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons in water regulation.
  • Functions of Kidney: Reviews the kidney's roles in excretion and osmoregulation.
  • Urine Formation: Explains the stages of urine formation including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
  • Ultrafiltration: Details the ultrafiltration process and how glomerular filtration is measured.
  • Reabsorption: Describes selective reabsorption processes and the key sites in the nephron.
  • Sites of Reabsorption: Explores various sites including the loop of Henle and their reabsorptive functions.
  • Tubular Secretion: Covers the tubular secretion of substances from the blood into the nephron.
  • Regulation of Urine Composition: Describes hormonal regulation systems including ADH and aldosterone effects.
  • Constituents of Urine: Lists normal and abnormal urine components and their significance.
  • Kidney Function Test: Summarizes methods for assessing kidney performance and identifying disorders.
  • Urinary System Disorders: Identifies common disorders affecting urinary function and related symptoms.
  • Micturition Process: Describes the physiological and neurological processes involved in urination.
  • Major Events of Micturition: Details key steps in the micturition reflex and muscular control.

Renal system

Learning objectives

To outline the renal system;


To describe the structure and function of
nephron,processes of urine formation;
To describe briefly the processes of urine
formation;
To describe the renin-angiotensin system;
To describe the regulationofpotassium,
calcium and pH.
RENAL SYSTEM

EXCRETION
~ removal of toxic waste
productions of
metabolism from the
body
WASTE
~ nitrogenous waste (urea
& ammonia), CO2, bile
pigment
RENAL SYSTEM

OSMOREGULATION
~ the process maintaining
constant osmotic
equilibrium between the
internal & external
environment of an
organism
Mammalian renal system I

KIDNEY
 paired organs in abdominal cavity
 held firmly by peritoneum
 embedded in fat
 solid, dark red & bean shape
 below stomach
 renal artery vs renal vein
Structure of kidney
Mammalian renal system II

URETERS
 narrow tubes
 passing urine from kidneys to bladder
 valves  prevent back flow of urine
 stop bacteria from going into kidney
Diaphragm
Kidney

Ureter
Bladder

Urethra
Mammalian renal system III

URINARY BLADDER
 muscular bag
 stores urine temporarily
 300 cm3 of urine  sensation of urination
 contraction of bladder + relaxation of
sphincter muscle forces urine out
Ureter

Ureteral
opening

Urethra
Urethral
orifice
Mammalian renal system IV

URETHRA
 muscular tube
 carries ONLY URINE in female
 carries URINE & SEMEN in male
A nephron unit
FLOW OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATE

Glomerulus Bowman’s space in Bowman’s capsule

Descending limb of Henle’s loop Proximal convoluted tubule

Ascending limb of Henle’s loop Distal convoluted tubule

Renal pelvis Collecting duct


NEPHRON
 1,000,000 nephrons / kidney
 structural & functional units
Cortical nephron
~ in cortex, short Loop of Henle,
osmoregulation under NORMAL condition
 Juxtamedullary nephron
~ at junction of cortex & medulla, long Loop
of Henle, osmoregulation when SHORT OF
WATER
Nephron
Renal corouscle
 Glomerulus: knot of blood capillaries
 Bowman’s capsule
 Proximal convoluted tubule
Descending limb of loop of Henle
Ascending limb of loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
Functions of kidney

Excretion
~ remove nitrogenous
waste i.e. urea, salts,
water, heat, toxic
substance
Osmoregulation
~ controlling amount of
water in body
~ maintain osmotic
potential
Urine Formation

Pressure filtration
(ultrafiltration)
Reabsorption
Tubular secretion
Ultrafiltration
Occur at Malpighian body
Glomerular filtrate: all substances in blood
except RBCs & plasma protein
 Blood pressure:
Diameter of afferent arteriole > Diameter of efferent arteriole
 Glomerular filtrate rate
180l/ day
 Adaptation
large area, great pressure, thin ,membrane
Reabsorption

99% of the glomerular filtrate are reabsorbed


matter reabsorbed:
 all glucose, amino acid
 mineral salts
 other useful substances
 SELECTIVE REABSORPTION
Method of reabsorption
diffusion  active transport
Sites of reabsorption

 Proximal convoluted tubule


~ major site of reabsorption (80%)
~ microvilli  surface area
~ numerous mitochondria
~ surrounded by pertubular capillaries
Sites of reabsorption

 Loop of Henle
~ conserve water in terrestrial mammal
~ creates & maintain an increasing osmotic
gradient in the medulla
~ Na+ in medulla vigorous osmotic
extraction of water from collecting ducts 
hypertonic urine
Formation of hypertonic urine
Sites of reabsorption

 Vasa recta
~ narrow capillaries situated close to loop of
Henle
~ freely permeable to ions, urea & water
~ Counter current exchanger system
Counter current exchange system
Sites of reabsorption

 Distal convoluted tubule


~ fine control of salt, water & pH balance of the
blood
 Collecting duct
~ water is extracted by osmosis   conc. 
hypertonic urine
Tubular secretion

Takes place in distal convoluted tubule


absorption of unnecessary: ammonia,
potassium & drug from capillary network &
secrete them into lumen of tubule
Regulation of urine composition

Anti-diuretic hormone(ADH)
Aldosterone
Renin-angiotensin system
ADH
ADH
ADH
Aldosterone
Renin angiotensin system
Potassium content

most abundant intracellular ion


reabsorbed by proximal convoluted tubule &
loop of Henle, secreted by collecting ducts
 K  secretion
aldosterone  secretion of K
Calcium content

 Ca   excitability of nerve & muscle cell


membranes  hypocalcemic tetany
 Ca  cardiac arrthythmias
most reabsorbed, no secretion
pH level

Metabolic reactions are highly sensitive to H+


Sources of H+ gain or loss
Gain ~ from CO2, metabolism of protein etc,
loss of CO3 2- in diarrhea & urine
Loss ~ in vomitus & urine
Constituents of urine
Kidney function test
Urinary system disorders

You might also like