Projection
Our 3-D scenes are all specified in 3-D world
coordinates
To display these in 2D device coordinates we need
to generate a 2-D image
--- project objects onto a picture plane
Projection is just one part of the process of converting
from 3D world coordinates to a 2D image
3D world Transform
coordinate Project onto
Clip against to 2-D 2D device
output projection
view volume device coordinates
primitives plane
coordinates
Projection defined as a mapping of point p(x, y, z) to
its image point p’(x’, y’, z’) in projection plane.
P(x,y,z)
P’(x’,y’,z’)
Projection plane/
view plane
The mapping is defined by:
•Projector
•Projection plane
There are two broad classes of projection:
Parallel: Typically used for architectural and
engineering drawings
Perspective: Realistic looking and used in computer
graphics
Parallel Projection Perspective Projection
Projection
Perspective Projector Parallel
One - Point
Projector Oblique
Orthographic
Two - Point Cavalier
Three - Point Projection Cabinet
Multi view Plane Axonometric
Projection Projection
Plane Isometric Plane
Elevation Planner Diametric
Front
Top Trimetric
Rear
Projection
Side Plane
Projection
Plane
Perspective Projection
Object position’s are transformed to the view plane
along the projection lines that converge at a point
called center of projection or projection reference
point.
Picture Plane
Objects in
World Space
Vanishing Points: Any set of parallel lines not parallel
to the view plane appear to meet at some point.
If a set of lines are parallel to one of the three axes, the
vanishing point is called an axis vanishing point (Principal
Vanishing Point). There are 3 such points, corresponding to the
number of axes cut by the projection plane
A. One vanishing point – :
• One principle axis cut by projection plane
• One axis contain vanishing point
B. Two vanishing point – :
Z-axis
Vanishing Pt
X-axis
Vanishing Pt
• Two principle axes cut by projection plane
• Two axis vanishing points
C. Three vanishing point – :
Three principle axes cut by projection plane
Three axis vanishing points
Perspective projection- anomalies
1. Vanishing Points: Any set of parallel lines not parallel
to the view plane appear to meet at some point.
2. Perspective foreshortening The farther an object is
from COP the smaller it appears
C
D
C'
A' B
D'
Projectors
B'
Center of Projection
projection plane
3. View Confusion: Objects behind the center of projection
are projected upside down and backward onto the view-plane
4. Angles preserved only in planes parallel to the projection
plane
5. More difficult to construct by hand than parallel projections
(but not more difficult by computer)
Parallel Projection
Object position’s are transformed to the view
plane along the lines that are parallel to each other
A. Orthographic P(x’,y’,z’) Projector is
:--
perpendicular
projection P(x,y,z)
To view plane
B. Oblique Projector makes
:-- P(x,y,z) any angle other
projection P(x’,y’,z’)
than 90’ with
view plane
A. Orthographic Projection
View plane is normal to any of the principal axis
1. Multi View :-- OR When direction of projection (projector)
is parallel to any of the principal axis
Rear view
A. Orthographic Projection
View plane is not normal to any of the principal
2. Axonometric axis OR
:-- Direction of projection (projector) is not parallel
Projection
to any of the principal axis
a. Isometric :-- When view plane normal (projector) makes equal
angle with each principal axis
b. Diametric :- When view plane normal (projector) makes equal
angle with two principal axis
c. Trimetric :-- When view plane normal (projector) makes different
angle with each
Q*Bertprincipal axis
Comparison of isometric, diametric & trimetric
B. Oblique Projection
When direction of projection(projector) is not perpendicular
to the view plane
1. Cavalier :-- When direction of projection(projector)
makes 45’ angle with the view plane
1. Cabinet :-- When direction of projection(projector)
makes α angle with the view plane
where tan(α) = 2
Examples of Oblique Projection
Advantages and Disadvantage
(parallel)
• Preserves both distances and angles
– Shapes preserved
– Can be used for measurements
• Building plans
• Manuals
• Cannot see what object really looks like
because many surfaces hidden from view
– Often we use the isometric
