3G BASIC

Telkomsel’s Workshop
5 March 2013

NPO Sub Region Indonesia

NOKIA SIEMENS NETWORK

1 © Nokia Siemens Networks

3G Network
• 3G Network Planning could be divided to
BTS Power • Radio Network Planning
Frequency • Access Transmission Planning
Carrier
Channelization
• CS core Network Planning
Code • PS Core Network Planning
IuB Bandwidth
Scrambling MGW 3GUEC
Code Uu
RNC
Iu-cs
3G-SGSN
Iu-ps
Iub,Iur
BTS
PS Domain
BTS Channel Gn
Element Inter-PLMN 3G-GGSN
Backbone
Core Planning Network
Gn

Data Network
(Internet) IP
Firewall

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UMTS Air Interface technologies
• UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions
–WCDMA – FDD
–WCDMA – TDD
• WCDMA – FDD is the more widely used solution
–FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band
• WCDMA – TDD technology is currently used in limited number of networks
–TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same frequency
• Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands

• This course concentrates on design principles of WCDMA – FDD solution, basic planning
principles apply to both technologies

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WCDMA – FDD technology

• Multiple access technology is wideband CDMA (WCDMA)

–All cells at same carrier frequency
–Codes used to separate cells and users
–Signal bandwidth 3.84 MHz

• Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity

–Inter-Frequency functionality to support mobility between frequencies

• Compatibility with GSM technology

–Inter-System functionality to support mobility between GSM and UMTS

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WCDMA Technology

WCDMA Carrier Users share same time and frequency

Frequency
3.84 MHz

5 MHz
Time
5+5 MHz in FDD mode Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
5 MHz in TDD mode

WCDMA TDMA (GSM)

5 MHz, 1 carrier 5 MHz, 25 carriers

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UMTS & GSM Network Planning

GSM900/1800: 3G (WCDMA):

6 © Nokia Siemens Networks

Spreading & Processing Gain
W  const  3.84 Mchip
User bit
sec
G p dB 
rate W
Power density (Watts/Hz)

R Processing gain:
R
Unspread narrowband signal Spread wideband signal

Frequency
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)

Strictly speaking, spreading includes two operations:

 Channelization (increases signal bandwidth)
- using orthogonal codes
 Scrambling (does not affect the signal bandwidth)
- using pseudo noise quasi-orthogonal codes

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CDMA principle - Chips & Bits & Symbols
Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips  SF=8)

+1
Baseband Data
-1
Chip Chip
+1
Spreading Code
-1
+1
Spread Signal
-1

Air Interface
+1

-1
+1
Data -1

8 © Nokia Siemens Networks

Differences between WCDMA & GSM
High bit rates
WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHz
Frequency reuse factor 1 1–18
Power control 1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
frequency
Quality control Radio resource Network planning
management algorithms (frequency planning)
Frequency diversity 5 MHz bandwidth gives Frequency hopping
multipath diversity with
Rake receiver
Services with
Packet data Load-based packet Timeslot based
Different quality scheduling scheduling with GPRS
requirements
Downlink transmit Supported for Not supported by the
diversity improving downlink standard, but can be
capacity applied

Efficient packet
data
9 © Nokia Siemens Networks
DL & UL Channelisation Codes

• Walsh-Hadamard codes: orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF codes)

– SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512}
– SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}
• Good orthogonality properties: cross correlation value for each code pair in the code set
equals 0
– In theoretical environment users of one cell do not interfere each other in DL
– In practical multipath environment orthogonality is partly lost  Interference between users of
same cell
• Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation, where synchronisation between
different channels can be guaranteed
– Downlink channels under one cell
– Uplink channels from a single user
• Orthogonal codes have bad auto correlation properties and thus not suited in an
asynchronous environment
– Scrambling code required to separate signals between cells in DL and users in UL

10 © Nokia Siemens Networks

Channelisation Code Tree
SF=1 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8 SF=16 ... SF=256 SF=512
C8(0)=[11111111] C16(0)=[............]
C16(1)=[............] FSMC/D/E
C4(0)=[1111]
C16(2)=[............] CE UL/min
C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1] User data CE DL/min SF
SF
C2(0)=[11] C16(3)=[............]
AMR (voice)
1) 1/ SF64 1/ SF128
C16(4)=[............]
C8(2)=[11-1-111-1-1]
C16(5)=[............] WB-AMR 2) 1 / SF64 1 / SF128
C4(1)=[11-1-1]
C16(6)=[............] PS 16 kbps 1 / SF64 1 / SF128
C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111]
C16(7)=[............] PS 32 kbps 2 / SF32 2 / SF64
C0(0)=[1]
PS 64 kbps 4 / SF16 4 / SF32
C16(8)=[............]
C8(0)=[1-11-11-11-1] PS 128 kbps 4 / SF8 4 / SF16
C16(9)=[............]
C4(2)=[1-11-1]
PS 256 kbps 6 / SF4 6 / SF8
C16(10)=[...........]
C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11] PS 384 kbps 8 / SF4 8 / SF8
C2(1)=[1-1] C16(11)=[...........]
CS 64 kbps 4 / SF16 4 / SF32
C16(12)=[...........]
C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11] CS 57.6 kbps 4 / SF16 4 / SF32
C16(13=[...........]
C4(3)=[1-1-11] CS 14.4 kbps 1 / SF64 1 / SF128
C16(14)=[...........]
C8(7)=[1-1-11-111-1]
C16(15)=[...........]

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Scrambling Code

Total Number of Scrambling Code is 512 Codes

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Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)
Spreading Channel Channel bit DPDCH Maximum user
factor symbol rate channel bit data rate with ½-
rate (kbps) rate range rate coding
(ksps) (kbps) (approx.)
512 7.5 15 3–6 1–3 kbps
256 15 30 12–24 6–12 kbps Half rate speech
128 30 60 42–51 20–24 kbps Full rate speech
64 60 120 90 45 kbps
32 120 240 210 105 kbps
16 240 480 432 215 kbps 128 kbps
8 480 960 912 456 kbps 384 kbps
4 960 1920 1872 936 kbps
4, with 3 2880 5760 5616 2.3 Mbps 2 Mbps
parallel
codes

W
RSymbol  Rb _ phy  2  RSymbol
SF
(QPSK modulation)
13 © Nokia Siemens Networks
 Hardware Channel Requirements

• Hardware channel requirement per traffic channel is a function of bit rate

Baseband resources per one Rel99
Baseband resources per one Rel99 traffic
traffic channel for SM Rel. 2 Req CE/Connection
channel for SM Rel. 1
SF RU20 RU30
RAB Traffic Class CS/PS Max Bit Rate (kbps)
UL DL UL DL UL DL
AMR Speech Conversational CS 1.2 64 128 1 1 1 1
AMR Speech Conversational CS 7.95 64 128 1 1 1 1
AMR Speech Conversational CS 5.9 64 128 1 1 1 1
AMR Speech Conversational CS 4.75 64 128 1 1 1 1
AMR Speech Conversational CS 12.65 64 128 1 1 1 1
AMR Speech Conversational CS 8.85 64 128 1 1 1 1
AMR Speech Conversational CS 6.65 64 128 1 1 1 1
Packet Interactive / Background PS 16 64 128 1 1 1 1
Packet Interactive / Background PS 32 32 64 2 2 2 2
Packet Interactive / Background PS 64 16 32 4 4 4 4
Packet Interactive / Background PS 128 8 16 4 4 4 4
Packet Interactive / Background PS 256 4 8 9 9 6 6
Packet Interactive / Background PS 384 4 8 12 12 8 8
UDI Conversational CS 64 16 32 4 4 4 4
Streaming Streaming CS 57.6 16 32 4 4 4 4
Streaming Streaming CS 14.4 64 128 1 1 1 1

• The higher of the DL and UL bit rates is used e.g. the 384/384 kbps Less CE required in
data service requires 12 (RU20) or 8 (RU30) hardware channels DL and UL for PS 256
• Hardware channels are pooled across a WBTS creating a trunking gain and PS 384
between cells
14 © Nokia Siemens Networks
 Characteristic to WCDMA

Multiservice Environment Air Interface

• Data speed • Capacity and coverage coupled - “cell
• In R99 bit rate varies from 8 kbps up to 384 kbps breathing”
• HSDPA max Bit rate gradually grows up to 21 Mbps (RU20) • Neighbour cells coupled via interference
 84 Mbps RU30
• Soft handover
• Service delivery type
• Fast power control
• Real-time (RT) & non real-time (NRT)
• Interference limited system (e.g. GSM
• Traffic asymmetric in uplink & downlink
frequency limited)
• Common channel data traffic
• Inter-system handovers

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 HSDPA & HSUPA basic

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HSDPA Code Operation (1/3)
SF = 1 2 4 8 SF = 16 ... 256 512
C8,0 = [11111111] C16,0 = [.........]
C16,1 = [.........]
C4,0 = [1111]
C16,2 = [.........]
C8,1 = [1111-1-1-1-1]
C2,0 = [11] C16,3 = [.........]

C8,2 = [11-1-111-1-1]
C16,4 = [.........] SF = 16 
C16,5 = [.........]
C4,1 = [11-1-1]
C16,6 = [.........]
240 ksymb/s
C8,3 = [11-1-1-1-111]
C1,0 = [1] C16,7= [.........]
Multi-Code operation:
C16,8 = [.........]
C8,4 = [1-11-11-11-1]
C16,9 = [.........] 1..15 codes 
C4,2 = [1-11-1]
C16,10 = [........] 0.24 .. 3.6 Msymb/s
C8,5 = [1-11-1-11-11]
C2,1 = [1-1] C16,11 = [........]
C16,12 = [........]
C8,6 = [1-1-111-1-11]
C16,13 = [........]
C4,3 = [1-1-11]
C16,14 = [........]
C8,7 = [1-1-11-111-1]
C16,15 = [........]

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HSDPA Physical Channel
• HS-PDSCH: High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel
• Transfer of actual HSDPA data
• 5-15 code channels
• QPSK or 16QAM modulation
• Divided into 2 ms TTIs
• Fixed SF16

SF= 1

SF= 2
SF= 4
SF= 8

SF=16
allocated for other channels
Example: Allocated for HS-DSCH

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HSDPA Control Channel
• HS-SCCH: High-Speed Shared Control Channel
• L1 Control Data for UE; informs the UE how to decode the next HS-PDSCH frame
e.g. UE Identity, Channelisation Code Set, Modulation Scheme, TBS, H-ARQ process information
• Fixed SF128
• Nokia implementation with slow power control: shares DL power with the HS-PDSCH
• More than 1 HS-SCCH required when code multiplexing is used
Maximum number of HS-SCCH codes • Code multiplexing
MaxNbrOfHSSCCHCodes (WCEL) (1..3) ( = 1) (1) • HSDPA service for several users
simultaneously
SF16 • For each user individual HS-SCCH required
User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4
HS-PDSCH • available only, if > 5 codes can be reserved for
Subframe HS-PDSCH
15
2 ms
10

Time
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TBS: Transport Block Size
HS-DPCCH & CQI

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HSDPA Baseband capacity
 Minimum Baseband
- Scheduler 1 to 3 HSDPA cells
- Up to 16 user per Scheduler (3.6 Mbps, 5 Code, 16 QAM)
- 32 CE reserved for System Module Release 1.

 HSDPA 16 User per Cell 48 users

- Up to 16 user per Cell supported.
- Up to 3.6 Mbps with 16 QAM 48 users 48 users
- 32 CE reserved for System Module Release 1.

 Shared HSDPA Scheduler for baseband Efficiency

Example :
- Up to 48 User per Scheduler supported. (Up to 12 cells)
48 Users per
- Number of user divided freely among 3 cells cell
- Up to 10.8 mbps (15 Codes, 16 QAM) 3*80CE

- 80 CE reserved for System Module Release 1.

 Full Baseband
- Up to 64 HSDPA users per scheduler are supported.
- Up to 14.4 Mbps with 15 Code, 16 QAM.
- 80 CE reserved for System Module Release 1.
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Physical Layer Bit Rates (UL) - HSUPA

• 3GPP Release 6 standards introduced enhanced UL bit rates with High Speed Downlink
Packet Access (HSUPA) technology
–Fast allocation of available UL capacity for users – High peak bit rates
–Simultaneous usage of up to 2+2 UL channelisation codes (In HSUPA
SF=2 – 4)
2 x SF2 +
Coding rate 1 x SF4 2 x SF4 2 x SF2
2 x SF4
1/2 480 kbps 960 kbps 1.92 Mbps 2.88 Mbps
3/4 720 kbps 1.46 Mbps 2.88 Mbps 4.32 Mbps
4/4 960 kbps 1.92 Mbps 3.84 Mbps 5.76 Mbps

24 © Nokia Siemens Networks

25 © Nokia Siemens Networks
DL Spreading and Multiplexing in WCDMA
Radio frame = 15 time slots
CHANNELISATION codes:
CODE 1 Pilot

BCCH
P-CPICH
Pilot X User 1
CODE 2 User 2

User 3
P-CCPCH
BCCH X
SUM
CODE 3

DPCH1 Time
User 1 X
CODE 4
+
3.84 MHz
DPCH2 SCRAMBLING RF carrier
User 2 X CODE
CODE 5
X RF
DPCH3
User 3 X

3.84 MHz bandwidth

26 © Nokia Siemens Networks