Chap 1 – Web Essentials
Basic Terms
1. www – in the years 1989-1991, the British computer
scientist Berners - Lee developed World Wide Web
(www).
www is a system of interlinked hypertext
documents accessed via the internet.
with a web browser, one can view web pages that
may contain text, images, videos and other
multimedia, and navigate between them via
hyperlinks.
2. Web site -A website is a collection of related web
pages, including multimedia content, published on
at least one web server. A website may be accessible
via a public Internet Protocol (IP) network, such
as the Internet, or a private local area
network (LAN), by referencing a uniform
resource locator (URL) that identifies the site.
As www uses internet, it is client server based
system.
A separate web server is maintained to access web
pages.
upon client’s request, server responds appropriate
web pages
3. Web application – or web app is any software that
runs in a web browser. It is created in browser –
supported programming languages such as the
combination of JavaScript, HTML, CSS etc. And
relies on a web browser to render the application
4. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) – it is the main
markup language (code for formatting) for
displaying web pages and other information that can
be displayed in a web browser.
5. Web server - is a program that uses HTTP (Hypertext
Transfer Protocol) to accept request from web clients
and return an appropriate resource in the HTTP
response.
Client – Server Communication
Client – server model is a technology which is based
on distribution of task or function between two
independent processes i.e client and server.
Client – server model is a concept for describing
communications between computing processes that
are classified as service consumers (clients) and
service providers (servers).
2 parts of client –server models:
Client : it is a computer in network that request services
from a server process.
Server : it is a computer in network that serves or provides
the requested services(response) to client process.
Communication in client - server
Communication in clients and servers exchange
messages in a request – response messaging pattern.
The client sends a request and the server returns a
response.
To communicate, the computers must have common
language, and they must follow rules so that both the
client and the server know what to expect
The language and rules of communication are defined
in a communication protocol.
Internet protocols
A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communication. Its
an agreement between communicating devices.
Internet protocols include –
HTTP(hypertext transfer protocol)
FTP (file transfer protocol)
IP (internet protocol)
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer protocol)
HTTP is used to define how the client server
programs can be written to retrieve web pages
from web.
It is described in [RFC 1945] and [RFC 2616].
HTTP is connection oriented and reliable protocol.
It is a stateless protocol means the current request
does not know what has been done in previous
requests.
HTTP defines how web browser communicate with
web server.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
FTP is used to transfer files between two computers over a
network and internet.
FTP is described in RFC 959
FTP can transfer files between any computers that have an
internet connection, and also works between computer totally
different operating system.
Transferring files from a client computer to server computer is
called uploading and transferring from a server to client is
downloading.
IP (Internet Protocol)
IP facilitates communication between computers within
the Internet.
It is an unreliable, connectionless protocol.
It is documented in RFC 791.
It is a method by which data is sent from one computer to
another on the internet.
Each computer(known as a host) on the internet has at
least one IP address(unique identifier).
IP is responsible for addressing hosts and for routing
datagrams (packets) from a source to a destination host
across one or more IP networks.
Versions of IP –
Internet Protocol Version 4(IPv4)
Internet Protocol Version 6(IPv6)
HTTP Message
