Homeostasis
BIOMEDIK I
dr.Susy Olivia
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy – study of structure
(Greek – “a cutting up”)
Physiology – study of function
(Greek – “relationship to nature”)
Struktur selalu ber-korelasi dengan Fungsi
Kedua topik tak terpisahkan
Fisiologi / Faal
→ bagaimana tubuh bekerja
mekanisme kerja tubuh dapat dijelaskan berdasarkan
rangkaian sebab-akibat proses kimia dan fisika
- Pendekatan mekanistik → mekanisme kerja, “bagaimana” suatu
kejadian dalam tubuh kita dapat terjadi
- Pendekatan teleologis → fenomena yang terjadi dalam tubuh
dijelaskan berdasarkan tujuan tertentu untuk memenuhi
kebutuhan tubuh, tanpa mempertimbangkan bagaimana hasil
tersebut dicapai (“mengapa”)
→ proses mekanistik apa yang akan secara teleologis bermanfaat
bagi tubuh pada keadaan tertentu
Silverthorn, Human Physiology An Integrated Approach, 4th ed
System Organ Tissue Cell
Cardiovascular Heart Myocardium Muscle
Cell
Functional Organization of the Body
Levels of organization
• Chemical
– Molecules composed
of atoms
• Cellular
– Cells are basic unit
of life
• Tissue
• Organ
• Body system
• Organism
Chapter 1 Homeostasis: The Foundation of Physiology
Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood ©2007 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
BODY SYSTEMS Body systems
maintain
homeostasis
NERVOUS ENDOCRINE
Information from SYSTEM Regulate SYSTEM
the external
environment relayed
through the
nervous system
O2 RESPIRATORY Keeps internal
INTEGUMENTARY fluids in HOMEOSTASIS
CO2 SYSTEM
SYSTEM
Keeps foreign
materials out
Urine containing
wastes and
URINARY
excess water and SYSTEM
electrolytes Protects
IMMUNE SYSTEM against Homeostasis
Nutrients, water, foreign
electrolytes DIGESTIVE invaders essential for
Feces containing SYSTEM cell survival
undigested food
residue
MUSCULAR AND Enables the
Sperm leave male REPRODUCTIVE SKELETAL body to
SYSTEM interact CELLS
Sperm enter SYSTEM with the
female
Exchanges with Exchanges with external
all other systems all other systems environment
EXTERNAL CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
ENVIRONMENT
Cells make
up body
system
Chapter 1 Homeostasis: The Foundation of Physiology
Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood ©2007 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
During the minute that it will take you to read this page
Your eyes will convert the
information on this page Your brain will send chemical
into electrical signals that messengers through your
will transmit to your brain. nerves to control your body.
Your heart will beat 70 times, You will breathe in and out
pumping 5 liters of blood to about 12 times.
your lungs and another
5 liters to the rest of your
body.
Your cells will consume 250 ml
Your kidneys will produce of oxygen and produce 200 ml
1 ml of urine. of carbon dioxide.
Your digestive system will
be processing your last meal You will use about 2 calories
for transfer into your of energy.
bloodstream.
Chapter 1 Homeostasis: The Foundation of Physiology
Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood ©2007 Brooks/Cole-
Thomson Learning
Chapter Opener, p. 1
Homeostasis
Claude Bernard (1880’s)
‘constancy of the internal environment’
Walter B. Cannon (1929)
Regulation of a ‘relatively constant internal environment’
KONSEP HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis → kecenderungan untuk menstabilkan keadaan tubuh
yang normal (lingkungan internal) atau mempertahankan
kondisi fisik dan kimia yang relatif konstan dalam lingkungan
internal organisme, menurut batas-batas fisiologis
Homeostasis sebagai keadaan stabil-dinamis dengan perubahan-
perubahan yang terjadi diperkecil oleh respons fisiologis
kompensatorik
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a steady state in the body
despite changes in the external environment
The steady state is the optimum level for the body functions
• Homeostasis
– All body systems working together to maintain
a stable internal environment
• Systems respond to external and internal changes
to function within a normal range (body
temperature, fluid balance)
16
Homeostasis
Chapter 1 Homeostasis: The Foundation of Physiology
Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood ©2007 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Physiology is an Integrative Science
Homeostasis
Summary
Faktor-faktor internal yang harus dipertahankan secara
homeostasis :
1. Konsentrasi molekul zat-zat gizi
2. Konsentrasi O2 dan CO2
3. Konsentrasi zat-zat sisa
4. pH
5. Konsentrasi air, garam-garam dan elektrolit-elektrolit
6. Suhu
7. Volume dan tekanan
Normal Ranges for Some Blood Values
Arterial pH 7.35-7.45
Bicarbonate 24-28 mEq/L
Sodium 135-145 mEq/L
Calcium 4.5-5.5 mEq/L
Oxygen content 17.2-22 ml/100ml
Urea 12-35 mg/100 ml
Amino acids 3.3-5.1 mg/100ml
Protein 6.5-8 g/100ml
Total lipids 400-800 mg/100ml
Glucose 75-110 mg/100ml
Mass Balance in the Body
• Homeostasis requires that amounts
gained must be equal to that lost.
• Ion concentration- need proper
amounts of Na+, Cl-, K+, and Ca2+:
– nervous, cardiac& muscle function-
imbalances cause problems with
membranes of cells that are excitable.
– Primarily replaced with thirst &
appetite and excreted in urine, sweat,
& feces
• pH balance- cells functions within a
pH range that is maintained by H+,
CO2, & HCO3–
• Fluid- water levels need to be
maintained, ingestion and urine
formation have largest impact.
Komponen Mekanisme Homeostatik :
a. Variable, karakteristik dari lingkungan internal yang
dikontrol oleh mekanisme (co., suhu tubuh)
b. Set point, nilai fisiologis normal dari masing-masing variabel
tubuh
c. Reseptor
d. Pusat Pengendali / Integrator
e. Efektor
KOMPONEN HOMEOSTATIS
• Sensor: menerima respon
• Integrating center: menentukan aksi terhadap respon
• Effector: menjalankan respon hingga keadaan kembali ke titik
normal
Physiological control systems keep regulated
variables within a desired range during homeostasis
Homeostatic Mechanisms
Compensating regulatory responses that correct deviations from a
stable condition.
• Intracellular level
• e.g. allosteric modification of enzymes
• Local or Intrinsic level
• autoregulation within a tissue
• usually nervous or endocrine systems not required
• e.g. dilation of blood vessels in response to CO2
• Autokrin dan parakrin
• Reflex control or Extrinsic level
• control system is outside the organ or tissue being
influenced
• nervous or endocrine systems involved
Antagonistic homeostatic control of heart rate
Tonic control of blood vessel diameter
Local vs. Reflex Control
• Mechanisms of Regulation Homeostatis
– Autoregulation (intrinsic)
• Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some
environmental change
– Extrinsic regulation
• Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine
systems
Silverthorn, Human Physiology An Integrated Approach, 4th ed
32
Extrinsic Homeostatic Control Systems
• Feedforward
– Term used for responses made in anticipation of a
change
• Feedback
– Refers to responses made after change has been
detected
– Types of feedback systems
• Negative
• Positive
Chapter 1 Homeostasis: The Foundation of Physiology
Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood ©2007 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
MEKANISME HOMEOSTATIS ekstrinsik
1. Negative Feedback Loops (NFL)
• Menjaga homeostasis dengan melihat deviasi
(simpangan) perubahan dari titik normal dan
mengembalikan kembali ke titik normal
tersebut.
2. Positive feedback loops
– Meneruskan perubahan yang meningkat (+)
– Controlled variable bergerak pada arah yang sama
Contoh: Kontraksi uterin saat melahirkan
3. Feed forward mechanisms
– Antisipasi perubahan dan respon sebelum
perubahan terjadi
Contoh: menggigil sebelum berenang di air dingin
Homeostatic Control Systems
• Negative feedback system
– Primary type of homeostatic control
– Opposes initial change
– Components
• Sensor
– Monitors magnitude of a controlled variable
• Control center
– Compares sensor’s input with a set point
• Effector
– Makes a response to produce a desired effect
Chapter 1 Homeostasis: The
Foundation of Physiology
Human Physiology by
Lauralee Sherwood ©2007
Silverthorn, Human Physiology An Integrated
Approach, 4th ed
Silverthorn, Human Physiology An
Integrated Approach, 4th ed
Figure 1-3 Negative Feedback in the Control of Body Temperature
RECEPTORS
Temperature Information
sensors in skin affects
Normal and
temperature hypothalamus CONTROL
disturbed CENTER
STIMULUS:
Body temperature
rises
HOMEOSTASIS Thermoregulatory
Normal body center in brain Vessels Vessels
temperature dilate, constrict,
RESPONSE: sweating sweating
Increased heat loss, increases decreases
Body temperature (°C)
body temperature
drops
Normal EFFECTORS 37.2
Sends Normal
temperature 37
• Sweat glands commands
range
restored 36.7
in skin increase
to
secretion
• Blood vessels
in skin dilate
Time
Events in the regulation of body temperature, which are The thermoregulatory center keeps
comparable to those shown in Figure 12. A control center body temperature fluctuating
in the brain (the hypothalamus) functions as a thermostat within an acceptable range, usually
with a set point of 37°C. If body temperature exceeds between 36.7 and 37.2°C.
37.2°C, heat loss is increased through enhanced blood flow
to the skin and increased sweating.
40
Negative feedback in human
Figure 1.11
thermoregulation.
41
Homeostatic Regulation of Body Temperature through
Negative Feedback
Hyperthermia Heat receptors Hypothalamus
in the skin
Stress
Sensors Control Center
Stress is reduced
shutting down
mechanism
Increased
activity of
Perspiration sweat glands
evaporates
cooling the skin Increased blood
flow to the skin
Effect
Effectors
Negative feedback in
human dehydration
Homeostasis: Negative Feedback
Example: kontrol tekanan darah Set point: tekanan darah normal
Sensor: baroreceptor Integration Center: Otak
Effector: jantung / arteri
Homeostasis: Negative Feedback
Example: gula darah Set point: 5 mmol/L
Sensor: sel pancreas Intergrating center: Endocrine system
Effector: insulin and glucagon
Homeostatic Regulation of Blood Sugar through
Negative Feedback
Hyperglycemia Pancreas-beta cells Insulin is released
into blood
Stress Sensor and Control center
Stress is reduced
shutting down
mechanism
Liver and Muscle cells
Blood glucose
take up glucose from
is reduced
the blood
Effectors
Silverthorn, Human Physiology An
Integrated Approach, 4th ed
Positive
feedback
Homeostatic Regulation of Child Birth through
Positive Feedback
Nerve endings in the uterine
Pressure of Fetus on
wall carry afferent messages
the Uterine Wall
to the Hypothalamus
Intensifies
Production and Release
Increasing strength of of Oxytocin into the
uterine contractions Blood
The birth of the child will bring this process to a close. Other
examples of positive feedback regulation occur during milk
letdown and blood clotting.
Feedback in Coagulation
Positive feedback “mini-loops” are built into pathway to speed up
production of chemicals needed to form the clot. Entire sequence of
clotting is a negative feedback pathway:
Circadian Physiology
Circadian Rhythms
• endogenous cycles
• role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus
• setting/resetting biological clocks
Circadian Rhythms
Examples:
-activity
-temperature
-waking and sleeping
-secretion of hormones
-eating and drinking
Body Rhythms
• Circadian rhythms:
(circa = approx and diem = day) go over 24hrs. Humans
demonstrate a series of changes including temperature
heart respiration and metabolism over this period. We
(psychologists) are most interested in the sleep-wake
cycle.
• Ultradian rhythms:
(Meaning less than one day) Sleep is a good example of
an ultradian rhythm, as you sleep you pass through
differing stages of sleep (e.g. light and deep sleep lasting
about 90 minutes.)
Body Rhythms (cont’d)…
• Infradian rhythm: (meaning more than 1 day).
An example of a infradian rhythm would be a
woman's menstrual cycle which lasts for 28
days.
• A circannial cycle occurs yearly/annually. An
example of this would be non human, animals
hibernation and waking patterns.
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
SCN - main control center
for sleep and temperature
circadian rhythms
The Consequences of Disrupting
Biological Rhythms.
• When external cues change we have to re-
adjust our internal clock…….
• JET LAG SHIFT WORK.
