Nishita koshta
Branch:- Information technology
3rd year, Vth semester
Object-Oriented
Programming
Main Concepts
• Object
• Class
• Inheritance
• Encapsulation
Why Java ?
• Portable
• Easy to learn
• [ Designed to be used on the Internet ]
JVM
• JVM stands for
Java Virtual Machine
• Unlike other languages, Java “executables”
are executed on a CPU that does not exist.
Platform Independent
myprog.java myprog.class
javac bytecode
Java source code
JVM
OS/Hardware
Primitive types
• int 4 bytes
• short 2 bytes
• long 8 bytes Behaviors is
• byte 1 byte exactly as in
• float 4 bytes C++
• double 8 bytes
• char Unicode encoding (2 bytes) Note:
Primitive type
• boolean {true,false} always begin
with lower-case
Hello World
Hello.java
class Hello {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(“Hello World
!!!”); }
}
Arrays
• Array is an object
• Array size is
fixed
Animal[] arr; // nothing yet …
arr = new Animal[4]; // only array of pointers
for(int i=0 ; i < arr.length ; i++) {
arr[i] = new Animal();
// now we have a complete array
Arrays - Multidimensional
• In Java
Animal[][] arr=
new
Animal[2][2]
What is the type of
the object here ?
• Member function
– Static member function can access only static members
– Static member function can be called without an
instance.
Class TeaPot {
private static int numOfTP = 0;
private Color myColor_;
public TeaPot(Color c) {
myColor_ = c;
numOfTP++;
}
public static int howManyTeaPots()
{ return numOfTP; }
// error :
public static Color getColor()
{ return myColor_; }
}
String is an Object
• Constant strings as in C, does not exist
• The function call foo(“Hello”) creates a String
object, containing “Hello”, and passes reference to it
to foo.
• There is no point in writing :
String s = new String(“Hello”);
• The String object is a constant. It can’t be changed
using a reference to it.
Flow control
Basically, it is exactly like c/c++.
do/while
int i=5; switch
if/else
do { char
If(x==4) { // act1 c=IN.getChar();
// act1 i--; switch(c) {
} else { } while(i!=0); case ‘a’:
// act2 case ‘b’:
} for // act1
int j; break;
for(int i=0;i<=9;i++) default:
{ // act2
j+=i; }
}
Packages
• Java code has hierarchical structure.
• The environment variable CLASSPATH contains
the directory names of the roots.
• Every Object belongs to a package ( ‘package’
keyword)
• Object full name contains the name full name of the
package containing it.
Access Control
• public member (function/data)
– Can be called/modified from outside.
• protected
– Can be called/modified from derived classes
• private
– Can be called/modified only from the current class
• default ( if no access modifier stated )
– Usually referred to as “Friendly”.
– Can be called/modified/instantiated from the same
package.
Inheritance class Base {
Base(){}
Base(int i) {}
Base protected void foo() {…}
}
class Derived extends Base {
Derived() {}
protected void foo() {…}
Derived(int i) {
super(i);
Derived …
super.foo();
}
}
As opposed to C++, it is possible to inherit only from ONE
class.
Pros avoids many potential problems and bugs.
Cons might cause code replication
Abstract
A class which is declared as abstract is known as an
abstract class. It can have abstract and non-abstract
methods. It needs to be extended and its method
implemented. It cannot be instantiated.
Abstraction in Java:
• Abstraction is a process of hiding the
implementation details and showing only
functionality to the user.
Interface
Declaring Interfaces
The interface keyword is used to declare an
interface. Here is a simple example to declare an
interface −
/* File name : NameOfInterface.java */
import java.lang.*;
// Any number of import statements
public interface NameOfInterface {
// Any number of final, static fields
// Any number of abstract method d
When to use an interface ?
Perfect tool for encapsulating the
classes inner structure. Only the
interface will be exposed
Collections
• Collection/container
– object that groups multiple elements
– used to store, retrieve, manipulate,
communicate aggregate data
• Iterator - object used for traversing a
collection and selectively remove elements
• Generics – implementation is parametric in
the type of elements
Collection Interfaces
Collection Map
Set List Queue Sorted
Map
SortedSet
final
final class Base {
• final member data final int i=5;
final void foo() {
Constant member i=10;
//what will the compiler
say about this?
• final member function }
}
The method can’t be
overridden. class Derived extends
Base { // Error
// another foo ...
• final class void foo() {
‘Base’ is final, thus it }
can’t be extended }
Exception - What is it and why do I care?
Definition: An exception is an event that
occurs during the execution of a program
that disrupts the normal flow of instructions.
Thank you
