CARBOHYDRATES
Rogelio O. Dian III
Camalaniugan National High School
Objectives:
• Define carbohydrates
• Identify the three major types of carbohydrates
• Recognize the major structural features of monosaccharides
• Recognize the major structural features of disaccharides
• Describe the characteristics of cellulose, starch and glycogen
Carbohydrates
• Referred to as sugars and starches, are polyhydroxy
aldehydes and ketones, or compounds that can be
hydrolyzed to them
• Molecular formula: 𝑪𝒏 (𝑯𝟐 O)𝒏
• “hydrates of carbon”
Carbohydrates
• Largest group of organic molecules in nature, 50% of earth’s
biomass
• On cell surfaces, determines blood type
• Backbone of DNA and RNA
• Storehouse of chemical energy
• Synthesized through photosynthesis
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Simple
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates
Complex Polysaccharides
Monosaccharide
• Simplest carbohydrates
• Generally have three to six carbon in a chain
• Has a carbonyl group at either C1 or C2 and has hydroxyl
group at the remaining carbon atoms
• _characterized by the number of carbons in its chain
• Triose -3 carbons
• Tetrose- 4 carbons
• Pentose- 5 carbons
• Hexose- 6 carbons
Monosaccharides
• Monosaccharide with a
carbonyl group at C1 are
aldehydes called aldoses
• Monosaccharide with a
carbonyl group at C2 are
aldehydes called ketoses
Monosaccharides
• Most common monosaccharide
• D- Glucose D- Galactose L- Fructose
1 2 3 4 5 6
Identify which among the following is
(a) D-glucose (b) D-galactose (c) L- Fructose
Monosaccharides
• Most common monosaccharide
• D- Glucose D- Galactose L- Fructose
Monosaccharide: Glucose
• Glucose- aka dextrose
• Most abundant monosaccharide
• Normal blood glucose range from 70-110 mg/dL
• Excess glucose is converted to glycogen or fat
Monosaccharide: Galactose
• Galactose- is a stereoisomer of glucose
• Galactosemia- rare inherited diseases– lack
enzyme to metabolize galactose
• Galactose accumulation leads to physical
problems (cataracts, cirrhosis) and mental
retardation
• Avoid milk-based products
Monosaccharide: Fructose
• Fructose is a ketohexose
• Found in honey
• Twice as sweet as table sugar
Disaccharide
• Disaccharides are composed of two monosaccharide
• Lactose
• Sucrose
• Maltose
Lactose
• Lactose- principal disaccharide found in milk
• Lactose is not sweet
• Galactose + Glucose
• Lactase- enzyme that digest lactose
Sucrose
• Sucrose-found in sugar cane
• “table sugar”
• Glucose + Fructose
Maltose
• Maltose found in grains such as barley
• Formed by hydrolysis of starch
• Glucose + Glucose
Polysaccharides
• Polysaccharides are long chain of monosaccharides, usually
glucose
• Starch
• Glycogen
• Cellulose
Cellulose
• Found in the cell walls of nearly all plants; give support and
rigidity to wood, plant and grass
• Is an unbranched polymer composed of repeating glucose
units joined in a 1 4-β-glycosidic linkages
• Humans do not possess enzyme that digest cellulose.
Ruminants does however
• Fiber gives no nutrition
Starch
• Found in seeds and roots of plants
• Polymer composed of repeating glucose units joined in α-
glycosidic linkages
• 2 common forms of starch
• Branched- amylopectin
• Linear- amylose
glycogen
• Stored in animals
• Glucose containing α- glycosidic bonds.
• Similar to amylopectin but more extensive
• Pricipally stored in liver and muscles
• Energy of the cell
