consists of skeletal muscles and their connective
tissue attachments.
organ- skeletal muscle consists of hundreds of
muscle fibers (cells) bound together by connective
tissue .
cell- muscle fibers- elongated cells largest
(compared to smooth muscle).
primary function is contraction: ability to shorten dep.
on myofilaments.
muscle prefixes
“myo” - muscle
“mys” - muscle
“sarco” - flesh
1. Producing movement - result of
contraction.
skeletal muscles: enable quick response
to changes in environment.
enable expression of emotions (facial &
neck muscles).
smooth muscles: force substances to
move thru visceral tracts.
cardiac muscles: circulate blood &
maintain blood pressure.
2. Maintaining posture - via skeletal
muscles.
overcoming gravity effects
while sitting or standing.
3. Stabilizing joints - pull of skeletal muscles
on bones.
tendons important in
reinforcing & stabilizing joints too.
4. Generating heat - by-product of muscle
activity.
75% of ATP energy creates
heat (only 25% used to contract muscle).
visceral, nonstriated, & involuntary.
Smooth muscle fibers are spindle-shaped
cells, each with a single nucleus
(uninucleated).
The cells are usually arranged in parallel
lines, forming sheets.
Although smooth muscle is slower to
contract than skeletal muscle, it can
sustain prolonged contractions and does
not fatigue easily.
location:
walls of hollow visceral organs stomach,
urinary bladder, respiratory passages.
function:
create movement of substances through a
tract or pathway
contraction
1. regulation: involuntary
control via nervous system
endocrine system (hormones)
chemicals
mechanical stretching
2. speed: very slow & sustained does not tire
easily
3. rhythmic contractions in some
morphology:
single cell
fusiform shape (spindle
shaped)
nonstriated
uninucleated
arranged in sheets or
layers
1. runs circularly
2. runs longitudinally
-layers alternatively
contract & relax
-changing shape & size
of organ
-moving substances
through tract
cardiac, striated, & involuntary
Its fibers are uninucleated, striated,
tubular, and branched, which allows the
fibers to interlock at intercalated disks.
Contraction of cardiac muscle fibers is
rhythmical; it occurs without outside
nervous stimulation or control
Cardiac fibers relax completely between
contractions, which prevents fatigue
location: walls of the heart.
function: force movement of
blood through heart
chambers to arteries.
contraction
1. regulation:
involuntary
control via heart
“pacemaker” (for
rhythmic contraction)
nervous system (for
increased # of contractions
for short period)
endocrine system
(hormones)
2. speed:
slow does not tire easily
3. rhythmic contractions
morphology: .
branching chains of cells
striated
uninucleated
fibers cushioned with soft connective tissue
enables heart activity to be closely coordinated
branching cells joined by intercalated discs.
Intercalated disks are cross-bands that separate
the opposing ends of cardiac muscle cells. These
bands are the result of elaborate junctions of
membranes at the cell's boundary. They help to
hold adjacent cells together and transmit the force
of contraction from cell to cell.
skeletal, striated, & voluntary referred to as the human
body’s “muscular system”.
Skeletal muscle fibers are tubular, multinucleated, and
striated. They make up the skeletal muscles attached to
the skeleton. Skeletal muscle fibers can run the length of a
muscle and therefore can be quite long. Skeletal muscle is
voluntary because its contraction is always stimulated and
controlled by the nervous system.
location: attach to bones or indirectly to other
connective tissues or cartilage.
attach via tendons or aponeuroses
exception: some facial muscles attach to
soft tissues (oth. muscles or skin).
function: create movement of bones or facial skin via
contractions.
Function :
support the body
make bones and other body parts move
help maintain a constant body temperature
contraction assists movement in cardiovascular
and lymphatic vessels
help protect internal organs and stabilize joints
contraction
1. regulation: voluntary subject to conscious
control via nervous system only muscle type
that is voluntary.
2. speed: rapidly w/ great force tire easily must
rest after activity.
3. no rhythmic contractions.
morphology:
single cell elongated
cylindrical shape.
myofiber (cell):
sarcolemma- muscle cell
membrane.
Myofibrils
- contractile organelles found
in cytoplasm of muscle cells.
- long tube-like.
- have light and dark bands
along length. multinucleated- nuclei and cytoplasm
- many aligned perfectly w/ pushed to edge of sarcolemma by
in sarcolemma. numerous myofibrils.
- giving a striated sarcoplasmic reticulum- ER of cell stores
appearance to cell. calcium (for contraction).
striated- banded appearance due to
alignment of bands on myofibrils.
- myofibril bands created by
arrangement of myofilaments within
myofibril.
myofilaments- filaments composing the
myofibrils two types: actin & myosin.
connective tissue coverings of skeletal muscle
endomysium- thin connective tissue covering
muscle cell (fiber).
perimysium- coarser fibrous membrane
covering bundles of muscle fibers creating a
fascicle- bundle of muscle fibers bound
together by connective tissue.
epimysium- tough fibrous connective tissue
surrounding many fascicles .
creating a skeletal muscle .
outer covering of entire skeletal muscle.
blend into strong, cordlike tendons or into
sheetlike aponeurosis.
tendon- cord of dense fibrous tissue
attaching a muscle to a bone.
aponeuroses- fibrous or membranous sheet
connecting a muscle & the part it moves.
fascia- layers of fibrous tissue covering and
separating muscles .
Tendon Functions:
1. provide durability & conserve space .
2. tough collagenic fibers, can cross rough
bony projections (would tear muscle) .
3. have small size, therefore more tendons
than fleshy muscles can passover a joint.
Muscle Fiber (cell) <--- bundles of Myofibrils <--- bundles of
Myofilaments (actin & myosin).
Sarcolemma- muscle cell membrane
encloses many myofibrils, many nuclei,
sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria etc.
Myofibrils - contractile organelles found in cytoplasm of
muscle cells.
long tube-like .
have light and dark bands along length .
-striations created by perfectly aligned myofibrils w/ in
sarcolemma.
consists of chains of sarcomeres- tiny contractile units
consisting of actin & myosin .
banding pattern: light & dark bands created by the
arrangement of myofilaments (thick- myosin & thin-
actin) in sarcomeres.
Light (I) Bands- contain - only actin filaments (thin
filament).
-parts of two adjacent sarcomeres .
Z disk
- a darker area in middle of I band (a midline
interruption).
- connection of actin filaments (thin filaments).
Dark (A) Bands - consists of actin & myosin
filaments.
myosin filaments extend the entire length of A
band.
has a lighter central area, H zone (bcs no
actin filaments located here).
H zone has a central
line called M line.
M line - protein rods
connecting myosin
filaments.
Myofilaments - protein strands.
2 types:
myosin filament - thick protein filament
middle is smooth .
ends contain numerous
myosin heads.
actin filament - thin protein filament.
anchored to the Z disc in I
Band .
don’t overlap ends of
myosin fibers .
don’t extend into middle of
A band (H zone).
Cross Bridges formed when the myosin heads
link to the actin filaments (at myosin binding
sites).
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)- smooth
endoplasmic reticulum that surrounds every
myofibril.
function: stores calcium needed for
contraction (filament sliding).
Irritability - the ability to receive and respond
to a stimulus.
Contractility - the ability to shorten (forcibly)
when an adequate stimulus is received.
Contraction of a skeletal muscle as a whole
graded responses
muscle response to increasing rapid
stimulation
muscle twitches
complete tetanus- fused continuous
contraction that shows no evidence of
relaxation
incomplete tetanus- unfused
strong contraction: many motor units are
stimulated at a rapid rate
weak but smooth muscle contraction: fewer
motor units are stimulated at a rapid rate
providing energy for muscle contraction
1. direct phosphorylation of ADP by
creatine phosphate(found in muscle cells
lasts~20sec.) .
2. aerobic respiration (makes more ATP but
is slower than anaerobic respiration &
needs O2).
3. anaerobic glycolysis & lactic acid
formation (makes 5% as much ATP but is
faster).
Isotonic - “same tone”.
- myofilaments slide past each other .
- muscle contracts and shortens.
Isometric - “same length”.
- myofilaments trying to slide past each other but
can not slide past each other.
tension in the muscle keeps increasing .
“contraction without muscle
shortening”.
eg: pushing on a wall or immovable object
muscle tone -state of continuous partial contractions.
- even when muscle is relaxed...some of its fibers are
contracting.
- result of different motor units along muscle are
stimulated in a systematic way.
keeps muscle firm, healthy, and ready for use
cannot be consciously controlled
Loss of muscle tone: if motor neuron is damaged (no more
stimulation of muscle)
muscle becomes
1. paralyzed 3. atrophied- wastes away
2. flaccid- soft and flabby
increases muscle size, strength, and endurance.
Aerobic exercise - (endurance) results in
1. stronger, more flexible muscles (does not
increase size).
2. muscles with greater resistance to fatigue.
because - increased blood supply to muscle
(more oxygen).
muscle cells form more mitochondria (site of
respiration) & store more O2.
other benefits:
1. improves overall body metabolism .
2. improves digestion & elimination.
3. enhances neuromuscular coordination .
4. strengthens skeleton .
5. increase heart size....increase blood volume
pumped fat cleared from blood vessel walls .
6. lungs become more efficient.
resistant exercise- (isometric) muscles
working against an immovable object
(or nearly so)
key: forcing muscles to contract with as
much force as possible
increase in muscle size...because
enlargement of muscle cells...because
increase number of filaments
over 640 muscles in body.
a muscle can only pull .
tendons attach muscle to bone & make them work like
levers .
the joint acts as the fulcrum & muscles provide the
force to move the lever.
Five Golden Rules of Muscle Activity
1. cross at least one joint- with a few exceptions
2. bulk of muscle lies proximal to joint crossed
3. at least two attachments
origin- attachment of a muscle that remains
relatively fixed during muscular contraction
insertion- the movable attachment of a muscle
as muscle contracts: the insertion area is pulled
towards the origin
4. can only pull- never push
5. insertion moves toward origin during contraction
Head and Neck Muscles
Facial Muscles
Frontalis - covers the frontal bone
origin- cranial aponeurosis
insertion- skin of eyebrows
action- raises eyebrows wrinkles forehead; forms the
horizontal frown crease on the forehead
Orbicularis Oculi - fibers run in circles around eyes
origin- frontal bone & maxilla inserts to medial side of orbit
(tissue around eye)
action- closes eye; squinting, blinking, & winking the eyes
Orbicularis Oris - circular muscles of lips
origin- maxilla & mandible
insertion- skin & muscle around lips
action- closes, compresses & protrudes lips “kissing
muscle”
Buccinator - flattens the cheek
origin- maxillary & mandible
insertion- orbicularis oris
action- flattens & sucks in the cheek “whistling & sucking”
holds the food between the teeth during chewing
Zygomaticus - “smiling” muscle origin- zygomatic bone
insertion- skin & muscles at corner of mouth action- raises
the corners of the mouth upward.
Chewing Muscles
Buccinator - holds food b/ w teeth
during chewing .....considered a
“chewing” & facial muscle
Masseter - prime mover of jaw closure
origin- zygomatic process of temporal
bone & maxilla
insertion- mandible
action- closes jaw by elevating the
mandible
Temporalis - fan shaped muscle
covering temporal bone
origin- temporal lines of skull
insertion- coronoid process of
mandible
action- synergist to masseter in closing
the jaw
Neck Muscles: move head& shoulder girdle,
small and strap-like platysma trapezius
Platysma -single sheetlike muscle that covers
ant. lat. neck
origin- cartilage of second rib to
acromion of scapula
insertion- mandible & skin of cheek
action- pull corners of mouth inferiorly
(downward sag of mouth) Trapezius- most superficial posterior
tenses skin of neck & depresses neck muscle
mandible origin- occipital bone, spinous
processes of cervical & throacic
Sternocleidomastoid - paired muscles (one vertebra
on each side of the neck) “prayer insertion- acromion & spine of
scapula and clavicle
muscle” two headed (sternum & clavicle) action- depends on active region and
origin- sternum & clavicle state of other muscles
insertion- mastoid process of temporal *extends neck and head
antagonist of sternocleidomastoids
bone * may elevate, adduct, depress, or
action- prime mover of head flexion rotated scapula
(when the 2 pairs contract together) * elevate clavicle
single muscle contraction: head is * hyperextend neck to “look at the
sky”
rotated toward opposite side * elevate &/ or pull back shoulder
“shrugging”
Pectoralis Major - anterior large fan-shaped muscle covering the
upper chest, forms ant. axilla wall
origin- sternum, clavicle, 1-6 ribs
insertion- proximal end of humerus (greater tubercle)
action- adducts, flexes & medial rotation of humerus at shoulder joint
*prime mover for shoulder flexion and adduction
Intercostal Muscles - deep muscles found
between the ribs
origin- inferior border of rib & costal cartilage
insertion- superior border of rib & coastal
cartilage
action- *external intercostals----elevates rib
cage during inspiration
*internal intercostals-----depress rib cage
during expiration
Diaphragm- “breathing muscle”
origin- sternum (xiphoid process), last 6 costal
cartilages, ant. surfaces of lumbar vert.
insertion- central tendon
action- flattens to enlarge chest cavity for
inhalation
- reinforce body trunk (protecting abdominal viscera) fibers
of each muscle pair run in a different direction.
Rectus Abdominis - paired strap-like muscles, most superficial
abdominal muscle
- enclosed in aponeurosis
- name means “straight muscle of the abdomen”
origin- pubis of coxal bone
insertion- sternum (xiphoid process) & 5th to 7th costal
cartilage
action- flex vertebral column
depresses ribs for forced breathing
compress abdominal contents during defecation &
childbirth
muscles of shoulder joint & humerus
causing arm movement
pectoralis major latissimus dorsi
deltoid
muscles causing movement at elbow
joint
enclose humerus & insert onto
forearm bones
biceps brachii brachialis
brachioradialis triceps brachii
muscles of forearm causing hand
movement
insert on hand bones causing their
movement numerous thin, spindle
shaped muscles
Elbow Flexors
Biceps Brachii- originates by 2
heads from shoulder
origin- scapula of shoulder girdle
insertion- proximal radius
action-flexes elbow (forearm)
supinates forearm
Brachialis - lies deep to biceps
origin- distal humerus
insertion- proximal ulna
action- flexes elbow
Brachioradialis -fairly weak
muscle, mostly in forearm
origin- humerus
insertion- radius (distal forearm)
action- flexes (elbow) forearm
Elbow Extensor :
Triceps Brachii - only
muscle fleshing out
posterior humerus three
heads arise from
shoulder girdle extends
forearm
origin- shoulder girdle
(scapula) & proximal
humerus
insertion- olecranon
process of ulna
action- extends elbow
prime mover of elbow
extension antagonist of
biceps brachii
- insert on hand bones causing
their movementt numerous
thin, spindle shaped muscles.
Wrist Flexors:
Flexor Carpi Radialis
origin- distal humerus
insertion- 2nd & 3rd
metacarpals
action- flexes wrist adducts
hand Flexor
Carpi Ulnaris
origin- distal humerus & post.
ulna
insertion- carpals & 5th
metacarpal
action- flexes wrist adducts
hand
Wrist Extensors
Extensor Carpi
Radialis
origin- humerus
insertion- 2nd & 3rd
metacarpal
action- extends
wrist abducts hand
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
origin- humerus &
ulna
insertion- 5th
metacarpal
action- extends
wrist abducts hand
Flexor Digitorum
origin- humerus, ulan
insertion- middle
phalanges of 2nd to
5th fingers
action- flexes wrist
flexes fingers
Extensor Digitorum
origin- humerus
insertion- distal
phalanges of 2nd to
5th fingers
action- extend wrist
extends fingers
Muscles of the Lower Limb
largest and strongest muscles of
body
pelvic girdle made of strong
bones
no need for muscular
stabilization like pectoral
cause movement of hip, knee,
& foot
walking and balancing body
Muscles Causing Movement
of Hip Joint
Gluteus Maximus - superficial
muscle of hip forms most of
buttock IM injection site
origin- sacrum and iliac
insertion- proximal femur (gluteal
tuberosity)
action- lateral rotation of femur at
hip joint.
powerful hip extensor
climbing stairs & jumping
increases angle distance
between femur & hip
Gluteus Medius - runs beneath gluteus
maximus
smaller hip muscle
IM injection site
origin- ilium (lateral surface)
insertion- proximal femur (greater
trochanter)
action- abducts thigh (hip abductor)
steadies pelvis during walking
Iliopsoas - fused 2 muscles (
iliacus & psoas major) deep
in pelvis
origin- ilium & lumbar vertebra
insertion- femur (lesser
trochanter)
action- flexes hip flexes lumbar
spine
Adductor Group - muscles of
medial thigh
origin- pelvis
insertion- proximal femur
action- adduct or press thighs
together move legs toward
body midline
adductor brevis
adductor longus
adductor magnus
pectineus
gracilis
Hamstring group - muscle
mass of post. thigh consists
of 3 muscles
origin- ischial tuberosity
insertion- proximal tibia head
of fibula for biceps femoris
action- flexes knee (flexing
lower leg) extends hip
(extends femur) adducts
hip
Biceps Femoris- flexes knee
extends & adducts hip
Semimembranosus- flexes
knee
extends, adducts, rotates
hip
Semitendinosus- flexes knee
extends, adducts, rotates
hip
Sartorius - thin, strap-like weak
thigh flexor
most superficial muscle of thigh
runs obliquely across thigh (ant
to medial)
origin- ant. iliac crest
insertion- medial tibia
action- flexes knee
flexes & laterally rotates hip
synergist to crossing legs “
’tailor muscle”
Quadriceps Group -consists of 4
muscles
fleshy anterior thigh
*extends knee (lower leg)
flexes femur Vastus Muscles- 3 muscles
Rectus Femoris vastus lateralis
origin-pelvis ( ilium ) vastus medialis
insertion- tibia (tibial tuberosity vastus intermdius
via patellar ligament) origin- femur
action- extends knee flexes hip insertion-tibia (tibial
on thigh tuberosity via
patellar ligament
action- extends knee
Sources :
http://w3.shorecrest.org/~Lisa_Peck/anato
my_phys/ch6_muscular/ch6_notes.pdf
http://cristinafisiologia.org/arquivos/muscular/livr
o_mader_muscular_system_ch07_mcgrawhill.c
h07_2005.pdf
http://classvideos.net/anatomy/pdf/3707-pdf.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5MyCwat
q6E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWP1u7rRJS
8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6okUPuyb
y0
