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Kuliah 3 - 4
DOGMA CENTRAL
BIOLOGI MOLEKULER
FFS-UHAMKA Tim Dosen Biologi Molekuler
Dogma Sentral Biologi Molekuler
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Replikasi
Duplikasi DNA
Transkripsi
Sintesis RNA
Inti Sel
Membran inti sel
Sitoplasma
Translasi
Sintesis Protein
Ribosom
Protein
Dogma Genetik
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Dogma genetik adalah alir materi genetik dari DNA ke urutan
asam amino protein
Dogma genetik merupakan konsep dasar sifat
menurun yg menentukan ciri khas suatu spesies Cara suatu
spesies mempertahan-kan ciri khas materi genetiknya supaya
tetap sama
3 Proses pada Dogma Central
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1. Proses penggandaan materi genetik/ biosintesa DNA
(dikatalisis oleh enzim polimerase DNA)
2. Proses transkripsi (penyalinan) (dikatalisis oleh enzim
polimerase RNA)
3. Proses translasi yaitu penerjemahan sandi/kode
genetik yang ada pada RNA menjadi urutan asam
amino dalam sintesa protein
Alir Informasi Genetik
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The Central Dogma
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Dari Gen ke Protein
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Prokariot
Eukariot
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Replikasi
DNA Replication
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Replication = to copy
Process of copying DNA in
the chromosomes
Without DNA replication, a
new cell would only have
half of it’s information.
Kemungkinan Replikasi DNA
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In the late 1950s, three different mechanisms were
proposed for the replication of DNA
Conservative model
Both parental strands stay together after DNA replication
Semiconservative model
The double-stranded DNA contains one parental and one daughter
strand following replication
Dispersive model
Parental and daughter DNA are interspersed in both strands following
replication
Kemungkinan Replikasi DNA
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Replikasi DNA Semikonservatif
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Meselson & Stahl (1958) concluded
that the mechanism of DNA
replication is the semiconservative
model.
DNA Replication
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DNA Replication
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Because of the pairing- if you have one strand, it is easy to predict
the replicated strand.
T-A-G-C-C-G-T
Remember: A goes with T, C goes with G
A-T-C-G-G-C-A
DNA Replication
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Remember: The nitrogen bases are held together by
hydrogen bonds
An enzyme goes to those hydrogen bonds and breaks
them = Double Helix Unzips
DNA Replication
Step 1: Separate the two DNA strands
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DNA Replication
Step 2: Original DNA strands act as templates &
complementary nucleotides fill in.
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DNA Replication
Step 3: Nucleotides connected and a new sugar-
phosphate “backbone” is formed.
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DNA Replication
Each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand
and one new strand
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Replication origins
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Replikasi Prokariot
Replikasi Bakteri
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DNA synthesis begins at a site termed the origin
of replication
Each bacterial chromosome has only one
Synthesis of DNA proceeds bidirectionally
around the bacterial chromosome
eventually
meeting at the opposite side of the bacterial
chromosome
Where replication ends
Overview of bacterial DNA replication
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DNA Replication in Chromosome
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DNA replication in Bacterial Genome
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DNA replication with two forks
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Bidirectionel DNA-Replication
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Photos of DNA Replication
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DNA Replication in Bacteria and Eukaryotes
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Prokaryotic Replication
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Bacteria have a single loop of DNA that must replicate before the
cell divides.
Replication in prokaryotes may be bidirectional from one point of
origin or in only one direction.
Replication only proceeds in one direction, from 5' to 3'.
Bacterial cells are able to replicate their DNA at a rate of about 106
base pairs per minute.
Bacterial cells can complete DNA replication in 40 minutes;
eukaryotes take hours.
Eukaryotic Replication
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Replication in eukaryotes starts at many points of origin and spreads
with many replication bubbles—places where the DNA strands are
separating and replication is occurring.
Replication forks are the V-shape ends of the replication bubbles; the
sites of DNA replication.
Eukaryotes replicate their DNA at a slower rate – 500 to 5,000 base
pairs per minute.
Eukaryotes take hours to complete DNA replication
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REPLIKASI EUKARIOT
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Replikasi Eukariot
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The four standard phases
of a eucaryotic cell
DNA replication occurring
at S Phase (DNA synthesis
phase), G1 and G2, gap
between S and M
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Multiple ORI and Replication Forks During
Eukaryotic DNA Synthesis
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A replicating Drosophila chromosome
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Different regions of a chromosome are replicated at different times
Arrows point to the replicating regions at different times
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Replikasi DNA
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Mekanisme
semi-konservatif
Masing-masing pita DNA (yg dalam rantai ganda)
menjadi cetakan (template)
Nukleotida-nukleotida DNA akan tersusun secara
komplementer terhadap pasangan basa Nitrogennya
Sintesis DNA terjadi pada orientasi 5’ --> 3’
Nukleotida disambungkan pada gugus OH pada atom
C 3’
Replikasi DNA: datangnya nukleotida
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• G berpasangan dgn C
• P04 berikatan pada 3’ OH
42 Replikasi DNA: datangnya nukleotida
3’
5’
• T berpasangan dgn A
• P04 berikatan pada 3’ OH
Replikasi DNA
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Replikasi DNA
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Animasi Replikasi
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Replication at a Glance
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TRANSKRIPSI
Transkripsi: sintesis mRNA
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single stranded RNA synthesized from ds DNA template
RNA Polymerase
ribonucleotides incorporated
ATP, CTP, GTP, UTP (instead of dTTP)
Synthesis proceeds in 5’ --> 3’
In Eukaryotes, splicing may occur
removal of introns (intervening sequences)
3 Tahap Transkripsi
1.
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INISIASI
RNA Polimerase melekat
pada Promotor DNA, pita
ganda terpisah dan sintesis
mRNA dimulai
2. ELONGASI
mRNA memanjang sejalan
dengan enzim RNA
Polimerase yang bergerak
sepanjang pita DNA
3. TERMINASI
mRNA dilepaskan dan enzim
RNA Polimerase lepas dari
pita DNA template
Tahap Inisiasi
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Transkripsi dimulai pada Promotor
RNA mRNA
Polimerase
promotor +
1
DNA
UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM
Promotor
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Tahap Elongasi
RNA Pol membuka ikatan ganda
DNA (sekitar 10 – 20 basa pada
kali pertama)
RNA Pol merangkaikan nukleotida-
nukleotida RNA sesuai dengan
pasangan basa DNA yang
terdapat pada pita DNA template
RNA Pol menambahkan nukleotida
– nukleotida RNA pada ujung
3’dari mRNA yang terbentuk
Setelah RNA Pol merangkaikan
nukleotida RNA, ikatan ganda
DNA segera terbentuk kembali
dan mRNA keluar dari lilitan DNA
template
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Tahap Terminasi
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Transkripsi akan terjadi sampai RNA Pol mencapai suatu
sekuens pada DNA template yang disebut Terminator
Pada Prokariot: RNA Pol langsung berhenti ketika mencapai
Terminator
Pada Eukariot: RNA Pol masih melanjutkan merangkaikan
nukleotida RNA sampai beberapa ratus basa sesudah
Terminator, sehingga terbentuk loop
Overview : Prokariot
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Overview : Eukariot
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Animasi Beda Transkripsi
Prokariot vs Eukariot
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Animasi Transkripsi
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Transkripsi Prokariot Transkripsi Eukariot
Illust. gene in a chromosome
• A gene can be defined as a region of DNA
that controls a hereditary characteristic. It
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usually corresponds to a sequence used in
the production of a specific protein or RNA.
• A gene carries biological information in a
form that must be copied and transmitted
from each cell to all its progeny. This
includes the entire functional unit: coding
DNA sequences, non-coding regulatory DNA
sequences, and introns.
• Genes can be as short as 1000 base pairs
or as long as several hundred thousand
base pairs. It can even be carried by more
than one chromosome.
• The estimate for the number of genes in
humans has decreased as our knowledge
has increased. As of 2001, humans are
thought to have between 30,000 and
40,000 genes
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Level of Chromatin Packing
Exon & Intron
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Exon & Intron -2
Inisiasi pada eukariotik
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Processing mRNA eukariot
Ujung 5’ dimodifikasi dengan Ujung 3’ ditambahi
menambahkan Guanosin tri phosfat nukleotida adenin 50 –
Mencegah degradasi 250 (poly A tail)
Ribosome binding site Mencegah degradasi
Membantu export
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Penghilangan intron
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Contoh:
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Animasi RNA splicing
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TRANSLASI
Translasi: Sintesis Protein
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Protein disintesis dari mRNA template
Melibatkan Ribosom & amino acyl-tRNA
Asam-asam amino akan dirangkaikan membentuk polipeptida
Dimulai pada Start Kodon yaitu AUG
As. Amino yang pertama selalu = Met (formyl-Methionine)
NH2 terminus of protein
Diakhiri pada Kodon STOP yaitu UAG, UAA, UGA
COOH terminus of protein
3 Tahap Translasi
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1. Inisiasi : dikenalinya ujung 5’ mRNA oleh Ribosom subunit kecil,
kemudian mencari Kodon START. Proses Translasi akan dimulai dari
Kodon START
2. Elongasi : proses merangkaikan asam amino-asam amino
berdasar urutan Kodon pada mRNA yang dilakukan oleh Ribosom
Fungsional (setelah bergabungnya Ribosom subunit besar dengan
subunit kecil)
3. Terminasi : pengakhiran sintesis protein saat ditemukan Kodon
STOP
Sintesa Protein
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Translasi
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mRNA
AUG UAA
5’
3’
Protein
NH2 COOH
Amino- Carboxy-
Terminus Terminus
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Tabel
Kode
Genetik
Animasi Translasi
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Perbedaan Prokariot & Eukariot
Splising
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