Elementary Surveying
Arch. Edison B. Amoguis
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
SURVEYING FIELD NOTES
constitutes the only reliable and permanent record of
actual work done in the field
no matter how carefully the field measurements are
made, the survey as a whole may be useless if some
of the measurements are not recorded
before survey is made, the necessary data to be
collected should be considered carefully
official record of the survey and must be complete,
legible, concise and comprehensive, and logically
arranged
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
FIELD NOTEBOOK
should be of good quality rag paper with stiff board
or leather cover made to withstand hard usage and
of pocket size
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
TYPES OF NOTES
sketches
a good sketch will help to convey a correct impression
rarely made to exact scale but in most cases made
approximately to scale
drawn freehand and of liberal size
special symbols may be adapted
tabulations
a series of numerical values observed in the field
tabular forms prevents mistakes, allows easy checking,
saves time, make calculations legible to others
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
TYPES OF NOTES
explanatory notes
provide written description of what has been done in the
field
employed to make clear what the numerical data and
sketches fail to do
computations
calculations of one kind or another, made algebraically by
the use of simple arithmetical steps and trigonometric
functions
electronic hand-held and desk calculators are to be used
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INFORMATION FOUND IN FIELD NOTEBOOKS
Title of the field of work or name of the project
the official name of the project should always be
identified; the location of the survey and preferably its
nature or purpose should also be stated
Time of day and date
these are necessary to document and furnish a time table,
as well as to correlate different surveys
precision, problems encountered and other factors
affecting the survey may be referenced from.
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INFORMATION FOUND IN FIELD NOTEBOOKS
Weather conditions
temperature, wind velocity, typhoons, storms and other
weather conditions such as fog, sunshine and rain have a
deciding effect upon accuracy
an instrument man making precise observations is unlikely
to perform the best possible work during extremes in
temperature conditions
Names of group members and their designations
the chief of the party, instrument man, tape man, and
other members of the survey party must be identified
necessary for documentation and future reference
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INFORMATION FOUND IN FIELD NOTEBOOKS
List of equipment
all survey equipment used must be listed including its brand
and serial number
the type of instrument used and its adjustment have a
definite effect on the accuracy of a survey
aids in isolating errors in some cases
If the listed information are known, mistakes committed in the
field and which are not discovered until the field work is
completed could be determined.
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
FIELD SURVEY PARTY
chief of party
responsible for the overall direction, supervision, and
operational control of the survey party
also responsible for the logistical and technical
requirements and problems
consults and confers with superiors regarding the project
responsible for submitting survey reports and records and
ensures the completeness, accuracy and adherence to
prescribed technical standards and specifications
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
FIELD SURVEY PARTY
Assistant chief of party
assist the chief of party in the accomplishment of the task
takes over the duties of the chief of party during the
absence of the chief
conducts ground reconnaissance of the proposed project
site to gather data prior to start of a survey
responsible for the employment of surveying equipment,
instruments and accessories
prepared field and office reports and survey plans for
submission
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
FIELD SURVEY PARTY
Instrumentman
to set up, level and operate surveying instruments such as
transit, level, theodolite, sextant, plane table and alidade
sees to it that the instruments are in good working
condition and in proper adjustment
assist technician in the operation of electronic surveying
equipment
works in coordination and exercises supervision over
personnel doing manual task
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
FIELD SURVEY PARTY
Technician
responsible for the use and operation of all electronic
instruments required in the field work
sees to it that these equipment are functioning properly
and regularly calibrated and are in adjustment
responsible for the establishment of a 2-way
communication link between survey party
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
FIELD SURVEY PARTY
Computer
performs all computations of a survey data
utilizes electronic calculators, pocket or microcomputers
assists in the operation of computerized surveying systems
or equipment
Recorder
keeps a record of all the sketches, drawings,
measurements and observations taken or needed for work
keeps a table of schedules of all phases of work and the
employment of the members of the survey party
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
FIELD SURVEY PARTY
Head tapeman
responsible for the accuracy and speed of all linear
measurements with tape
determines and directs marking of stations, clearing out of
obstructions along the line of sight
inspects and compares tapes for standard length prior to
use for eliminating and reducing of possible errors
Rear tapeman
assists the head tapeman
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
FIELD SURVEY PARTY
Flagman
hold the flagpole or range pole at selected points as
directed by the Instrumentman
Rodman
holds the stadia or leveling rod when sights are to be taken
Pacer
checks all linear measurements made by the tapeman
assists tapeman in reducing mistakes
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
FIELD SURVEY PARTY
axeman/lineman
clears the line of sight of any obstructions
responsible for the safety and security of the members
aidman
renders first aid treatment
utilitymen
renders other forms of assistance
designated as driver or for setting up the camp site
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
steel tape
graduated in feet
or meters together
with decimal parts
of these units
lengths vary 50 to
300 ft and from 15
to 100 m
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
taping accessories
range poles
- sometimes called flags or
lining rods
- used as guides or markers
when sighting points and
for lining up tapemen in
order to keep them going
along the correct direction
- usually painted with
alternate bands of red
and white
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
taping accessories
chaining pins
- sometimes referred to as
taping arrows
- used for marking the ends
of tapes or intermediate
points
tape thermometer
- attached to tape to
determine the
temperature during actual
taping
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
taping accessories
spring scale
- tension handle
- used at the end of the tape
for reading the pull applied
to the tape
tape clamping handle
- apply tension by strong grip
on any part of the tape
- protects the tapeman from
sharp edges
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
taping accessories
plumb bob
- used in taping to project a
point on the tape down to
the ground
tape leather thongs
- for a better hold on the tape
wooden hub/peg
- used to establish points on
the ground
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
compass
an instrument used for
navigation and orientation
that shows direction
relative to the geographic
cardinal directions: north,
south, west and east
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
Brunton pocket compass
consists of magnetized
steel needle mounted on
a pivot at the center of a
graduated circle
the needle points toward
magnetic north
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
Brunton pocket compass
combines the main features of
a sighting compass, a prismatic
compass, a hand level, and a
clinometer
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
Brunton pocket compass
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
Dumpy Level
the most widely used
direct leveling
instrument
consists of a telescope
which fixes the direction
of the line of sight and
can be rotated through
360 degrees in the
horizontal
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
Wye Level
the telescope tube is
supported by 2 Y-
shaped uprights fixed
to a horizontal bar
simpler to adjust than a
dumpy level since its
telescope can easily
be lifted from the wyes
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
Automatic Level
self-leveling features are
incorporated
a three-screw leveling
head approximately
centers a bull’s-eye
bubble and the line of
sight is automatically
leveled
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
Leveling Rods
used in conjunction
with an instrument
such as a transit or
level to determine
distance or differences
in elevation
self-reading or target
rods
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
Leveling Rods
Philadelphia rods
most commonly
used type
combination of
self-reading and
target rod
has sliding
sections so that it
can be extended
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
Engineer’s Transit
a telescope and two large
protractors
one mounted on vertical,
the other on horizontal plane
3 main parts
upper plate
lower plate
leveling head
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
Engineer’s Transit
universal instrument
horizontal and vertical angles
approximate distances
differences in elevation and
direction by built-in compass
also used for establishing and
extending straight lines
give readings to the nearest
minute of arc and readings to
30, 20, 15 or 10 seconds
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
Theodolite
precision surveying
instrument for measuring
angles
2 general classes
repeating theodolites
- precise transits which can
read to 10 seconds or less
direction theodolites
- no lower motion; direction
rather than angles
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
Plane Table
composed of a drawing
board mounted on a tripod
set up at a waist level to
allow the surveyor to bend
over
primarily used in field
compilation of maps
points on the ground can be
plotted immediately in the
their correct positions
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
Alidade
combination of straight
edge and a sighting
device
consists of a telescope
(similar to a transit)
supported by a pedestal
can be used to determine
horizontal, vertical and
inclined distances by
stadia method
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
Subtense Bar
used for determining
distances indirectly
leveled by means of bull’s
eye level and leveling screw
fixed targets near the end of
the bar are exactly 2 meters
apart
accuracy of 1/1000 to 1/5000
can be attained by taking
several readings at both ends
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
Sextant
hand-held angle measuring
instrument
functions by the principle that a
light striking a plane mirror
causes the angle of incidence
and reflection to be equal
well suited for hydrographic
work and has the added
advantage of measuring angles
in any plane
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
Planimeter
used to determine any
shape of figure bounded
by straight or curved lines
mechanically integrates
area and records the
answer on a drum and disk
most useful for
determining irregular
areas, areas of road cross-
section
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
Geodetic Total Station
consists of electronic
distance measuring
instrument an electronic
digital theodolite and a
microcomputer
has the capability to
simultaneously measure
distance, as well as
direction and transmit
results to a microcomputer
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
Geodetic Total Station
can be operated to send
out high-frequency
microwave or a beam of
light from one end of a
line toward the far end
extremely versatile and
useful for almost all types
of survey
very expensive
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
Reflectors and Targets
a device used in an
EDM (electronic
distance measurement)
instrument when a
continuous beam of
light needs to be
transmitted during the
measurement of
distances
