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Overview of Renal Calculi Formation

Renal calculi, also known as kidney stones, occur when minerals in urine crystallize and form stones within the kidneys or urinary tract. The most common types of renal stones are calcium oxalate, phosphate, and uric acid. Risk factors for developing kidney stones include hyperparathyroidism, gout, excessive calcium intake, urinary tract infections, low fluid intake, certain medications, family history, urinary obstructions, and mineral-rich drinking water or diets. Stones may cause severe abdominal or back pain, blood in urine, painful urination, and other symptoms. Diagnosis involves medical imaging tests and urine/blood analysis. Treatment depends on the size and location of the stone, but

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Harpreet Singh
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375 views10 pages

Overview of Renal Calculi Formation

Renal calculi, also known as kidney stones, occur when minerals in urine crystallize and form stones within the kidneys or urinary tract. The most common types of renal stones are calcium oxalate, phosphate, and uric acid. Risk factors for developing kidney stones include hyperparathyroidism, gout, excessive calcium intake, urinary tract infections, low fluid intake, certain medications, family history, urinary obstructions, and mineral-rich drinking water or diets. Stones may cause severe abdominal or back pain, blood in urine, painful urination, and other symptoms. Diagnosis involves medical imaging tests and urine/blood analysis. Treatment depends on the size and location of the stone, but

Uploaded by

Harpreet Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

RENAL

CALCULI
BY: MR. HARPREET SINGH BURMI
RENAL STONES
• DEFINITION
• UROLITHIASIS (URINARY CALCULI) MEANS STONE IN URINARY TRACT THAT
OCCUR DUE TO CONCENTRATION OF DISSOLVED MINERALS IN URINARY
TRACT.
• NEPHROLITHIASIS (RENAL CALCULI) MEANS STONE IN KIDNEY THAT OCCUR
DUE TO CONCENTRATION OF DISSOLVED MINERALS IN THE KIDNEY. 

• CALCULUS FORMATION AT ANY LEVEL IN THE URINARY COLLECTING SYSTEM


• KIDNEY (NEPHROLITHIASIS),
• URETER (URETEROLITHIASIS),
• BLADDER (CYSTOLITHIASIS),
TYPES OF RENAL STONES

• COMMON STONES:
 OXALATE (CALCIUM OXALATE) (70%)
 PHOSPHATE (15%)
 URIC ACID / URATE (10%)
 CYSTINE (1-2%)
TYPES OF RENAL STONES

• UN-COMMON
XANTHINE STONES
DIHYDROXY ADENINE STONE
SILICATE STONES
MATRIX
ETIOLOGY
 HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
 INCREASE CALCIUM LEVEL
 ELEVATED URIC ACID(GOUT)
 EXCESSIVE INTAKE OF DIETARY CALCIUM
 INFECTION OF URINARY TRACT
 LOW FLUID INTAKE
 MEDICATIONS LIE DIURETICS
 FAMILY HISTORY OF STONE
 OBSTRUCTION OF URINARY TRACT
 HIGH MINERALS IN DRINKING WATER
 HIGH MINERAL AND PROTEIN CONTAINING DIET
 PREVIOUS HISTORY OF URINARY CALCULI
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
DUE TO ETIOLOGICAL FACTOR INCREASE LEVEL OF STONE FORMING CRYSTAL
IN URINE

CONCENTRATION OF STONE FORMING CRYSTAL IN URINARY TRACT

GROWTH CONTINUE BY AGGREGATION OF PARTICLES

FORMATION OF LARGER STONE

THESE PARTICLES MAY TRAVEL DOWN URINARY TRACT

STONE FORMATION
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
 SEVERE ABDOMINAL PAIN OR LOW BACK PAIN
 HAEMATURIA
 DYSURIA
 DISCOMFORT
 NAUSEA & VOMITING
 FEVER IF INFECTION IS PRESENT
 PAINFUL URINATION
 OLIGURIA
 PYURIA
 LOCAL TENDERNESS
DIAGNOSIS
 HISTORY & PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
 X-RAY
 USG
 IVP
 URINE ANALYSIS
 BLOOD TEST- SERUM CALCIUM LEVEL, SERUM
URIC ACID LEVEL
MANAGEMENT
 MANAGEMENT OF URINARY CALCULI
DEPEND SIZE & LOCATION OF STONE.
IF STONE IS LESS THAN 5MM IT IS
LIKELY TO PASS THROUGH THE URETER
AND SPONTANEOUSLY COME OUT WITH
ADEQUATE HYDRATION BUT IF STONE
IS MORE THAN 5MM THAN SURGICAL
MANAGEMENT IS INDICATED.
THANK YOU

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