PRESENTED BY:
Farah Shehzadi
Roll no: (22)
BS Chemistry (7th) Semester
PRESENTED TO:
Dr. Azam
Dr. Zaib
INSTITUE OF CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB,LAHORE.
BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)
OBJECTIVE:
“ Determine the Biological Oxygen Demand of waste water.”
PRINCIPLE:
IODOMETRIC TITRATION
• Under alkaline conditions (by adding Alkaline-iodide-azide), the manganese
sulphate produces a white precipitate of manganese hydroxide. This reacts
with the dissolved oxygen present in the sample to form a brown precipitate.
On acidic condition, manganese diverts to its divalent state and release iodine.
This released iodine is titrated against Sodium thiosulphate using starch as an
indicator.
THEORY
• All the aquatic animals rely on the oxygen present in the water
to live.
• Aquatic microorganisms use the organic matter discharged
into the water as food source.
• Common natural sources of organic matter include plant decay
and leaf fall.
• Bacteria will break down this organic matter using the
dissolved oxygen in the water and there by produce less
complex organic substances.
• With increased disposal of waste materials (including
organic compounds), the utility of dissolved oxygen by the
microorganisms will also increased. So the water becomes
depleted in oxygen.
• In this anaerobic condition, microorganisms will produce
offensive products and may result in undesirable effects like
fish asphyxiation ( Choking of fish gills).
BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND:
• Biological oxygen demand is a widely used technique to express the
concentration of organic matter in waste water samples.
DEFINITION:
“It is a measure of the amount of oxygen absorbed by a sample
of sewage during a specific period, generally 5 days at a specific
temperature, generally 20° C for the aerobic destruction of the
organic matter by microbes.”
• If the amount of organic matter in sewage is more, the more oxygen
will be utilized by microorganisms to degrade dumping sewage which
containing high bod value.
SIGNIFICANCE OF BOD
• A special application is found in water analysis as the BODn value.
• Important parameter to assess the pollution of surface and ground
waters where contamination occurred due to disposal of domestic
and industrial effluents.
• Toxicity tests in soils, sludge, sediment, garbage and liquids.
• Data from BOD tests used for the development of engineering
criteria for the design of wastewater treatment plants.
• One of the most important method in sanitary analysis to determine
the polluting power, or strength of sewage, industrial wastes or
polluted water.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
• Manganous Sulphate solution (MnSO4. 4H2O)
• Alkali Iodine Oxide
• Conc. Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
• Starch Solution
• Std. Sodium Thiosulphate Solution (0.025N)
INDICATOR:
Starch solution
END POINT:
Disappearance of blue color
SOLUTION PREPARATION
• MANGANOUS SULPHATE SOLUTION:
It is prepared by dissolving 20gm of manganous sulphate in 100ml of
distilled water.
• ALKALI IONDINE OXIDE SOLUTION:
It is prepared by adding 41gm of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and 25gm
of potassium iodide (KI) in 100ml of distilled water.
• STARCH SOLUTION:
Add 1.0 g of starch in a 100ml beaker, and add a little distilled
water to make a thick paste. Pour this paste in 1000ml of boiling
distilled water and stir for 1 minute.
• 0.025N SODIUM THIOSULPHATE SOLUTION;
Dissolve 6.205gm of sodium thiosulphate in freshly boiled and
cooled distilled water and dilute to 1000 ml.
Step 1
Sample collection
• Samples for BOD test can be either grab or composite.
• Composite sample more preferred as it is more representative of the
waste stream over a period of time.
• Preservation of sample is not practical as biological activity will
continue after a sample has been taken.
• Testing should be started as quickly as possible, preferrrably <6hrs.
• If not possible samples should be kept ≤ 4°C.
• Do not allow samples to freeze.
Step 2
Dilution:
• The BOD concentration in waste water is more than sample due
to biological activity.
• So, it is necessary to dilute the sample before incubation to bring
the oxygen demand and supply into appropriate balance
• If not diluted, microorganisms will use up the dissolved oxygen in
the BOD bottle before the five day incubation time is up.
• There is no way of knowing at what point during the five days the
DO reached zero.
Dilution water:
• It is high quality organic free water .
• The required volume of water is aerated with a supply of
clean compressed air for at least 12 hours.
• It is stabilized by incubating it at 20ºC for at least 4 hour.
Step 3
Pretreatment:
• Samples with extreme pH values (>8.5 or <6.0) must be
neutralized to pH 7.0 prior to testing.
• This is done by adding either or H2SO4 or NaOH.
• Any samples containing residual chlorine must be pretreated
to remove chlorine before the test is run.
• This is done by adding sodium sulfite to the sample.
PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE THE BOD OF WATER
1. Take four 300ml BOD bottles and add 10ml of samples to two
bottles and fill the remaining volume with dilution water.
2. Fill remaining two BOD bottles with dilution water for blank
3. Immediately close the bottles when filled and there should not
be any air bubble in the bottle.
4. Mark the bottle as sample and blank
• Incubate one sample and one blank bottle at 20ºC for 5
days.
• Analyze immediately remaining one blank and one
sample bottle for dissolved oxygen.
• Analyze incubated bottles for DO after 5 days.
TEST FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN
• Take 300ml of water sample in the bottle. Add 2ml of manganous
sulphate solution and 2ml of alkali iodine oxide solution to the
sample.
• Mix the solution obtained by inverting the bottle for at least 15
times.
• Precipitates begin to form and allow it to settle, leaving a clear
supernatant liquid above, shake again.
• After two minutes of settling, remove the stopper and add 3ml of
conc. H2SO4 by allowing acid to run from the neck of the bottle.
• Apply the stopper and mix again until the dissolution is
complete.
• Take about 20 ml of the solution from the bottle to the flask.
• Titrate with 0.025N Sodium thiosulphate solution to pale straw
color.
• Add 2ml of starch solution and continue the titration until the
blue color disappears and note down the volume of sodium
thiosulphate added.
• Determine the burette reading for the blank in the same
manner
CALCULATIONS
•
Blank correction= B.R. for blank at D0 - B.R. for blank at D5
BODn mg/l =[(B.R. for sample at D0 - D5) – blank correction] ˟
dilution factor
Dilution factor =
Where,
B.R.= Burette reading
Do = Initial day
D5 = Day five after incubation
