Ground/Soil Improvement
Techniques
Group members
M. Hamza F2018132018
Usama Khalil F2018132042
Contents
Introduction
Why do we need ground improvement?
Principles of ground improvement
Understanding ground improvement
Factors
Procedure before doing ground improvement
Techniques of ground improvement
Applications
conclusion
Introduction
Rapid development of infrastructures with scarcity of useful land forced engineers
to improve the properties of soil to bear the load transferred by the infrastructures
The purpose of these techniques to increase bearing capacity and strength of soil
and to reduce the settlement to a considerable extent.
The main goal of most soil improvement techniques used for reducing liquefaction
hazards is to avoid large increase in pore water pressure during earthquake shacking
This can be achieved by densification of the soil and improvement of its drainage
capacity.
There are different methods like Physically, Mechanically and chemically
modifications.
Why Ground
improvement?
Increases shear strength
Reduces permeability, and
Reduces compressibility
Principles of Ground
Improvement
Solve the problem intact
Modify the problem
Divide the problem in parts and solve
Go beyond the problem
Bye pass the problem
Understanding Ground
Improvement
Ground improvement includes two parts.
First Understand the ground
Then find out the most engineered solution for improvement
Understanding the ground
Common geotechnical people understand it as a problem of soil or
sometimes designating as a problematic soil.
It’s the combination of situation which makes soil to behaveproblematic
for human purpose.
Don’t just consider the type of soil.
many factors plays governing role to create problematic ground which
needs to be improved.
Factors to be considered for
ground improvement
Type of structure to be constructed on improved soil.
Vicinity to costal area
Earthquake prone zone
Chances of flash flood due to could bursting or dam burst.
Geology beneath the improved site and also the geology of area.
Avg. Seasonal and yearly temperature
Chances of freeze thaw actions.
Avg. rainfall and full sunny days.
Environmental Factors to
be considered
Not to adopt too much plastic / artificial material to ground.
Should not disturb local ecology.
Should not disturb natural ground water level prevailing.
In future should not create any pollution.
No convertible forms of pollutants.
Level of contamination must be reduced after employment of Ground
Improvement (G.I.) technique.
Safety related to
improvement techniques
In future it should not become poisonous.
It should be durable to carryout the purpose of it.
It should not change any chemical composition with time.
With increase in depth ground temperature also increase,
under such circumstances also it should be workable
Before Doing ground
Improvement Procedure
Carryout reconnaissance survey.
Carryout detailed site investigation.
Collect speculative development of the region
Analyze past of the geology of the region and probable future
change due to any irrigation related project
Structures effected due to
poor ground conditions
Leaning Temple in Orissa India
Building in Shanghai China
Sink holes
Overturned
complex in Nigata
1964
Bhuj Earthquake
2001
Ground
Improvement
techniques
What are ground improvement techniques?
Rapid urban and industrial growth demands more land for
further development, to meet this demand land reclamation
and utilization of unsuitable and environmentally affected
lands have been taken up and converted to useful ones by
adopting one or more of these techniques.
Soil replacement
Vaccum consolidation
Heating
Pre loading
Ground freezing
Stabalization
Nailing
Grouting
Soil reinforcement
Stabalization
A segmental, precast facing
mechanically stabilized earth wall
employs
Metallic (strip or bar mat) or
geosynthetic (geogrid or geotextile)
reinforcement
Connected to a precast concrete or
prefabricated metal facing panel to
create a reinforced soil mass.
Soil replacement
Replacement involves
removing liquefiable material
from the site and replacing it
with a non-liquefiable
material. Well compacted
and well graded gravel
or soil mixed with cement or
other additives is commonly
used as the replacement
material.
Vibro comcaption
Combined action of vibration and water saturation by jetting rearranges
loose sand grains into a more compact and densified state to create stable
foundation.
Vaccum consolidation
The soil site is covered with an
airtight membrane and vacuum is
created underneath it by using
dual venture and vacuum pump
which improves saturated soft
soils.
Pre loading
Process of placing additional
vertical stress on a compressible soil
to remove pore water over time
which reduces the total volume
causing settlement.
Heating
Heating or vitrifaction breaks the soil particle down
to form a crystalline or glass product.
It uses electrical current to heat the soil and modify
the physical characteristics of the soil.
Ranges between 300 and 1000 degree Celsius.
Ground freezing
Use of refrigeration to convert in side
pore water to ice.
The ice acts as a cement or glue,
bonding together adjacent particles of
soil increase their combined strength
and make them impervious.
Nailing
Reinforcing the ground by passive
inclusions,closely spaced to create
in-situ soil and restrain its
displacements.
Resisting tensile forces generated
in the inclusions are transferred
into the ground through the
friction mobilized at the
interfaces.
Grouting
Grouting is the injection of pumpable materials into a soil or rock
formation .
The various injection grouting techniques used by grouting contractors
for ground improvement are:
I. Permeation
II. Compaction Grouting
III. Claquage
IV. Jet Grouting
JET GROUTING:
Ultra high-pressure fluids or binders are injected into the soils at high
velocities which break up the soil structure completely and mix the soil
particles in-situ to create a homogeneous mass, which in turn solidifies.
Soil reinforcement
Micro-piles are small diameter piles (up to 300 mm), with compressive
loads of over 5000 KN.
The drilling equipment and methods allows micro – piles to be drilled
virtually through every ground conditions, natural and artificial, with
minimal vibration, disturbances and noise, at any angle below
horizontal.
The equipment can be further adapted to operate in locations with low
headroom and severely restricted access
CONCLUSION:
• Application of Ground Improvement is not only cheaper but
reduce the construction time significantly.
• Conscious effort to prepare and follow up the techniques will
lead to successful completion of the project , we are now
technically sound at hand.
• The ground improvement technique also plays a vital role in the
development of our mother land.
