TURBOMACHINERY AEAS : 305

TURBOMACHINERY LECT-3

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)

 GAIN KNOWLEDGE : CLASSIFICATION AND APPLICATION OF
TURBOMACHINES

: THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF AXIAL AND

RADIAL FLOW COMPRESSORS AND TURBINES

: PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS INFLUENCING

OPERATION OF TURBOMACHINES

: UNDERTSAND INSTABILITIES OF
COMPRESSOR OPERATION AND METHODS TO ARREST
INSTABILITIES
 REFERENCE BOOKS LECT-3

Name of Book Author

Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion Hill and Peterson

Gas Turbine Engine H Cohen, GFC Rogers, HIH Saravanamuttoo

Turbines, Compressors and Fans S M Yahya, Fourth Edition

Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics of S L Dixon, Pergamon Press, 1996

Turbomachinery

Principles of Turbomachinery Seppo A. Korpela, Wiley Publications

Fundamentals of Turbomachinery BK Venkanna

Aircraft Propulsion : Science of making thrust to fly Bhaskar Roy

 VIRTUAL LECTURE – 1

 In this lecture, we studied

Turbomachine
 Types of Turbomachines
 Difference between Positive Displacement Machine and
Turbomachine
 Velocity Diagram of Axial Flow Compressor
 VIRTUAL LECTURE – 2

 In this lecture, we will study

Thermodynamics
 Basic Definitions
 Laws of Thermodynamics
 Types of System
 Types of Process
 Nozzle and Diffusers
 Energy Equations
 VIRTUAL LECTURE – 3

 In this lecture, we will study

 Numericals on Ideal Engine Cycle and Component Performance

 VIRTUAL LECTURE – 4

 In this lecture, we will study

 Numericals on Real Engine Cycle

 LECT-5

Ideal cycle for jet engines

Combustion chamber/burner
Diffuser Compressor Turbine
Nozzle

a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Afterburner

Schematic of a turbojet engine and

station numbering scheme
5
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
11
Problem # 1
• An aircraft using a simple turbojet engine,
flies at Mach 0.8 where the ambient
temperature and pressure are 223.3 K and
0.265 bar, respectively. The compressor
pressure ratio is
8.0 and the turbine inlet temperature is 1200
K. The isentropic efficiencies of:
compressor=0.87,
turbine=0.90, intake=0.93, nozzle=0.95,
mechanical=0.99, combustor=0.98. The
pressure loss in the combustor=4% of
compressor delivery pressure. Determine the
thrust and SFC. 9
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
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Problem # 1

T 4

3
7

2
a
s

Real turbojet cycle (without afterburning)

on a T-s diagram
10
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
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Solution: Problem # 1
• For the given ambient conditions and the
Mach number, the flight speed is V=239.6
m/s
• Intake exit stagnation temperature2 and
2
 223.3  239.6  251.9
pressure
T02  Ta  V
2 P K
c 2 1005
P   
 /( 1)
 
Pa  1d T 1 
 
02 02

 Ta  1.482
or, P02  0.2650 1.482  0.393bar

11
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect-11 LECT-5

Solution: Problem # 1
• The compressor exit conditions are determined
as follows:
Compressor exit pressure is
P03   c P02  8.0  0.393 
3.144 bar  1
T03  T02 
(  1)/
c 
1 1

 C 
  1 1 
1 

 251.9   8
0.87 /1.4
(1.41)

 486.8
K 12
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
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Solution: Problem # 1
• Combustion chamber:

h04  h03 b fQ! f

cpgT04  cpaT03
or, f ! cpgT04 / cpaT03 1
  b fQ f
bQ! / cpaT03  cpgT04 / cpaT03
Substituting
f all the values, f  0.0198
Also, P04  b P03  0.96  3.144 
3.018bar 13
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
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Solution: Problem # 1
• Turbine: Since the turbine produces work to drive
the compressor, Wturbine = Wcompressor

m (m!  m!f )cpg (T04  T05 )  m!cpa (T03  T02 )

 cpa (T03  T02 ) /m (1 f )
T05  cpgT04
 1147 1200 1005(486.8  251.9) / 0.99(1
0.0198)
 992.3 K
Similarly,
 1  /( 1)
P05  04 1  (1 T05 / 04 )  1.284
P T t 
bar
14
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
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Solution: Problem # 1
• Nozzle: We shall first check for nozzle
choking.
P05 1.284
The nozzle pressure ratio is :   4.845
Pa
1
P05   0.265
P
The 
c critical
1
pressureratio is 
 /(  1) 1  1.33 1 
1.33/(1.331)

1 1   1  1 
 n   1    0.95  1.33
 
 1.914
1  
Since P05 / Pa P05 / Pc, the nozzle is choking.
15
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
11
Solution: Problem # 1
• Therefore the nozzle exit conditions are fixed by
the critical parameters.
 2 
T7  Tc  T05 
   1 850.7K

 1  
P7 Pc P05 
 05 c 0.671bar

P /P
kg /mP3 7 / RT7  0.275
7
Vex   570.5m /
RT7 s
16
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
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Solution: Problem # 1

Ae 1
  0.006374 m2 s /
m 7Vex kg
! Ae
Specific thrust is, Fn  (1 f )Vex V (Pc  a

  596.25Ns / kg
m P)
!
f 0.0198
SFC  Fn   3.32 105 kg /
sN
596.25

17
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
11
Problem # 2
• Determine the thrust and SFC in the above
problem if the engine operates with an
afterburner. The nozzle inlet temperature
in this case is limited to 1800 K. All other
parameters and operating conditions
remain unchanged.

18
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
11
Solution: Problem # 2
6a

T 4

7
5, 6
3

2
a
s

Real turbojet cycle (with afterburning) on

a T-s diagram
19
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
11
Solution: Problem # 2

• Since all other operating conditions and

parameters remain unchanged, the cycle
analysis up to the turbine exit is exactly
the same as discussed for the previous
problem.
• The nozzle will be choking and the
exit conditions will need to be
calculated.
• Besides this the fuel flow rate in the
afterburner too needs to be determined.
• The total fuel flow rate will be the sum of
the fuel in the main combustor and that of
the afterburner. 20
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
11
Solution: Problem # 2

• To calculate fuel flow rate in the

afterburner,

h06  h05 b f2Q! f

or, f 2  cpgT06 / cpgT05 1
b Q!f / cpg T05  cpg T06 / cpg 05
T all the values, f 2  0.02256
Substituting
 f  f1  f 2  0.0198  0.02256 
0.04236
21
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
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Solution: Problem # 2

• At the nozzle
exit,  2 
T7  Tc  T06 
   1 1545.06K

 1 

P7 Pc P05 
 05 c 0.671bar

P /P
/ m37P /7 RT 
7
0.151kg
Vex   787.9 m /
RT7 s
22
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
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Solution: Problem # 2
Ae 1
  0.0084 m2 s /
m 7Vex kg
! Ae
Specific thrust is, Fn  (1 f )Vex V (Pc  a

  912.56Ns / kg
m P)
!
f 0.04236
SFC  Fn   4.64 105 kg /
sN therefore leads to substantial
912.56
• Afterburning
thrust augmentation (about 35%). But this
is accompanied by about 28% increase in
SFC. 23
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
11
Problem # 3
• A twin spool un-mixed turbofan engine has the fan
driven by the LP turbine and the compressor by the
HP turbine. The overall pressure ratio is 25 and the
fan pressure ratio is 1.65. The engine has a bypass
ratio of 5.0 and a turbine inlet temperature of
1550 K. The fan, turbine and compressor have
polytropic efficiencies of 0.90. The nozzle
efficiency is 0.95 and the mechanical efficiency for
each spool is 0.99. The combustor pressure loss is
1.5 bar and the total air mass flow is 215 kg/s. Find
the thrust under sea level static conditions, where
ambient pressure and temperature are 1 bar and
288 K.
24
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
11
Solution: Problem # 3

• Under static conditions, T01=Ta and P01=Pa.

(  1) / poly , 
T02'  T01 ( f ) fan  337.6
Since theKoverall pressure ratio is
25,
P03 25
 1.65 
P02
15.15 ( 1) /  poly ,comp

 P03   800.1K
T03  T02 P
 02 

25
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
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Solution: Problem # 3
The cold nozzle pressure ratio is the fan
pressure ratio  1.65
The critical pressure ratio is
1 1
P02'   1.4
Pc 
1  1.4 1 
 /( 1)
1 1   1 
/(1.41)
 1
 
 n   1    0.95  1.4 1  
 
 1.965
Therefore the nozzle is not
choking.

26
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
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Solution: Problem # 3
The secondary nozzle exhaust velocity,Vex,f

T 1a P /02'P (  1) / 

V
ex,f p n02'
 2c

 2 1005 0.95 337.6 1  

1/1.965  (1.4 1) /


 293.2
1.4
m/s
Since the bypass ratio is 5, the cold mass flow
is
m!B
m  B 1 179.2 kg / s
C

!
Therefore the thrust developed by the secondary nozzle
is  52.532kN
Fn,sec  m!CVex, f
27
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
11
Solution: Problem # 3
For the HP
turbine,
c pa (T03  T02 )
T04  T05'   m c pg
1005
T05'  1550  (800.1 337.6)  1141
0.99 K
For the LP 1147
rotor,
T05'  T05  (B 1) c pa (T02'  T01 )
 m c pg
T05  877.8 K

28
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
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Solution: Problem # 3
P  
T 04 
 poly ,turb /( 1)
04
  3.902
P05'  T05' 

P  T05' 
 poly ,turb /( 1)
05'
   3.208
P05  T05 
P04  P03  Pb  25.0 1.0 1.50  23.5 bar
P05  P04  1.878 bar
(P04 / P05' )(P05' / P05 )
The hot nozzle pressure ratio
is
P05 / Pa  1.878
29
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
11
Solution: Problem # 3
The critical pressure ratio
is 1 1
P05   1.33/
P
1 1  1.33 1 
 /( 1)
 1   1  
(1.331)
c
1 
 n   1    0.95  1.33
 
 1.914
1  
Therefore the nozzle is not choking.
The primary nozzle exhaust velocity,Vex

Vex  2c p nT05 1 Pa / ( 1)/
05   528.3 m /
P s

30
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
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Solution: Problem
#3
Mass flow rate through the hot nozzle
is
m!
m h  B 1  35.83 kg /
!F s  35.83 528.3  18.931kN
n, primary

The total thrust is thus,

 Fn,sec  71.5 kN
Fn  Fn, primary

31
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
11
Problem # 4
• An aircraft operating on a turboprop engine
flies at 200 m/s while ingesting a primary
mass flow of 20 kg/s. The propeller of the
engine having an efficiency of 0.8, generates a
thrust of 10000 N, while the jet thrust is
2000N. The power turbine and nozzle have
efficiencies of 0.88 and 0.92 respectively. If we
remove the power turbine and the nozzle,
what would be the thrust developed by the
engine while operating under the same
conditions?
32
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
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Solution: Problem
#4
6
5 P05
7 h
05
P06
 06
Δh Pa
Δh

Enthalpy-entropy diagram for power turbine-

exhaust nozzle analysis
33
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
11
Solution: Problem
# 4
• We know that the thrust power developed
by the propeller is given by,
Fn, pr V   pr  pr h  m!
10000   142045.45 J /
h  0.8 0.88
200 kg
20 thrust is
The nozzle

Fn,nozzle  m!(V exV )

2000  20(V ex200) or,V ex 300 m /
s
34
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
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Solution: Problem
# 4
V ex 2n (1  )
h
300  2  0.92  (1  )h
2

h  190958.49 J / kg
With the power turbine and the propeller
removed, the entire h drop occurs through the
nozzle. 2n h  2  0.92
V
ex  592.76 m / s 190958.49

Thrust  20(592.76  200)  7855.18

N
35
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
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Exercise Problem # 1
• A simple turbojet is operating with a compressor
pressure ratio of 8.0, a turbine inlet temperature of
1200 K and a mass flow rate of 15 kg/s, when the
aircraft is flying at 260 m/s at and altitude of
7000m. Assuming the following component
efficiencies, calculate the nozzle area required, the
net thrust and the SFC: polytropic efficiencies of
turbine and compressor: 0.87, intake and nozzle
efficiency: 0.95, Mechanical efficiency: 0.99,
combustion efficiency: 0.97, combustor pressure
loss: 6% of compressor delivery pressure.
• Ans: 0.0713 m3, 7896 N, 0.126 kg/h N

36
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
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Exercise Problem # 2
• The gases at the turbine exit (given in
problem #1) are reheated to 2000 K and
the combustion pressure loss is 3% of the
pressure at the outlet from the turbine.
Calculate the percentage increase in the
nozzle area required if the mass flow rate
is to remain unchanged and also the
percentage increase in the net thrust.
• Ans: 48.3 % and 64.5 %
37
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
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Exercise Problem # 3
• The following data apply to a twin-spool turbofan
engine, with the fan driven by the LP turbine and
the compressor by the HP turbine. Separate hot
and cold nozzles are used. Overall pressure ratio:
19.0, Fan pressure ratio: 1.65, By pass ratio: 3.0,
Turbine inlet temperature: 1300 K, Combustor
pressure loss: 1.25 bar, Total air mass flow: 115
kg/s. It is required to find out the thrust under
sea level static conditions where the ambient
pressure and temperature are 1.0 bar and 288 K.
Assume fan, compressor and turbine efficiencies as
0.90 and that of each of the nozzle as 0.95.
• Ans: 47.6 kN

38
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
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Exercise Problem # 4
• A turboprop is operating under the following
conditions: Flight speed at standard sea level: 0 m/s;
Airflow entering the compressor: 1 kg/s;
Compressor pressure ratio: 12; Efficiencies: Diffuser:
100 %, Compressor: 87 %, Turbine to drive the
compressor: 89 %, Turbine to drive the propeller:
89 %, Nozzle: 100
%, Turbine inlet temperature: 1400 K, Stagnation
pressure leaving the second turbine: 4.6 bar. Take
into
account the mass of fuel added. Calculate:
• (a)the horse power delivered to the propeller
• (b)the thrust developed by the gases passing
through the engine.
• Ans: 632 kW, 875 N 39
 TURBOMACHINERY Lect- LECT-5
10
In this lecture...

• We have solved some problem related to Real

cycle analysis

40
 LECT-5
VIRTUAL LECTURE – 5

 In next lecture we will study…..

 Dimensional Analysis and Performance Parameters