White topping as a rehabilitation

method on pavements
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Guided by Submitted by
Mrs. Lekshmi P Nair Shahir A Samad
Asst. Professor, MUS16CE030
Civil department
 Aim
● Concrete roads were first built by romans. Pozzolana cement,horse hair as fibers in
concrete, admixtures in their primitive form(like animal fat, milk and blood) were
used.
● White Topping is defined as a Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) overlay
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constructed on the top of the existing distressed bituminous pavement.
● It acts as a rehabilitation or structural strengthening alternative on bituminous
pavement.
● It restores the ride-ability of existing pavement.
 ADVANTAGES
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● Reduced thickness
● Fast-track contraction
● Reduced maintenance
● Cost-effective
● Improved service life
● Little pre-overlay repairs
● Improvement in safety
● Improving the environmental benefits
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 Types of White topping

● Conventional White Topping(200mm or more)

● Thin White Topping (TWT)(100-200mm) 5

● Ultra-Thin White Topping(UTWT)(<+100mm)

 Conventional White Topping
• Which consist of PCC overlay of thickness 200mm or more , which is
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designed and constructed without consideration of any bond between
existing overlay and underlying bituminous layer
• It is constructed as a new rigid pavement without assuming any composite
action
• CWT treats the existing bituminous surface as a subbase
• Bituminous surface should not suffer from any isolated damaged like
subsidence or material related problems
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 Thin white topping
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● Which has PCC overlay between 100-200 mm .It is designed either considering
bond between overlay and underlying bituminous layer or without consideration
of bond
● High strength concrete (M40 or higher) is normally used to take care of flexure
requirement.
● Jonits are at spacing of 0.6 to 1.25m
 TWT Overlays Application
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⮚ More heavy loaded routes

• Rural roads
• Medium to moderately heavy volume roads
• Intersections
• Minor airports pavement
 Ultra-thin white topping

● Which has PCC overlay of less than 100mm . Bonding between overlay
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and underlaying bituminous layer is mandatory.
● Joints are provided at spacing of 0.6 to 1.25
 UTWT Overlay Application
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• Light loaded routes
 Low volume roads (urban streets , village roads)
 Parking lots
 Footpaths
 Residential streets
 intersection
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 Behavior mechanism
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● Bonded system- composite action between concrete and flexible layer
causes the neutral axis to shifts downward
● More area of PCC slab comes under compression
● Lesser thickness is required to carry the load
● In case of UTWT and TWT reduced spacing of joints reduces curling and
warping stresses.
● Unbonded system- overlay thickness is more.
● Thickness varies between 200 mm and 275 mm and is not bonded to the
pavement.
● constructed as a new pavement on an existing pavement
● Pre-overlay repairs are generally not required

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 Mix Design
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• Typical higher cement content

• Fast track type construction
• Low water/cement ratio
• Steel fibers/synthetic
• Creates durable concrete , quick to opening to traffic
 Details of the project tests
[Link]: VALVES 17
1 CBR 8 to 10

2 Commercial vehicles per day 1000

3 Temp differential at Bangalore 17.3°C

4 Thickness of bituminous layer 4” to 7”

5 BASE (40mm metal thickness) 4” to 9”

6 Road width 100’

7 Length of road 350m

8 Concrete grade M45

9 Axle load 16T

 Design of pavement and concrete mix 18

• Design of the overlay was carried out using Westergaaed’s equation and
warping stress as per IRC:58-2002 and IRC:SP:76-2008

• Concrete mix design was arrived at by evaluating trail mixes and the
design mix was arrived at with a cement content of 430kgs , flyash-
30kgs , W/C ratio of 0.283 achieving a slump of 40-60mm at site
 Details of construction 19

• Production of concrete in a RMC plant or a dedicated batching plant

• Using either fixed form or slip form mechanical pavers

• Strict quality control at site including testing of fresh, hardened and extracted
specimens of concrete and tests on pavement quality
 Salient features of Construction 20

• Surface preparation : in case of TWT , bond between PCC overlay and

existing bituminous pavement is atleast partly desirable.

• In case of UTWT, effective bond is essential. To ensure this any of the

following method can be adopted.

• Milling is used to remove surface distortion like cracks in the top portion
and adjust cross slopes. Range 25 to 50.
 TEST RESULTS
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Compressive strength of concrete cubes
Sample size 1-day strength 2-day strength 3-day strength 4-day strength
(mpa) (mpa) (mpa) (mpa)

60 cubes per test MAX:24.1 MAX:48.2 MAX:55.2 MAX:67.2

MIN:21.1 MIN:38.4 MIN:48.4 MIN:57.4
AVG:22.05 AVG:43.2 AVG:51.02 AVG:61.8
Compressive strength of concrete cylinder 22

Sample size 28-days strength

(mpa)
60 per test MAX:61.4
MIN:43.7
AVG:52.45
 Flexural strength of concrete 23

Sample size 28-days strength

(mpa)

60 per test MAX:7.35

MIN:6.2
AVG:6.3
 Spilt tensile strength of concrete 24

Sample size 28-day strength

(mpa)

60 per test MAX:4.01

MIN:2.92
AVG:3.36
 Expected outcome
● An alternative that restores safety to the roadway,¬ has a competitive cost,
and creates minimum traffic disruption.
● Timely construction and proper staging of the project can minimize delay
and burden to the facility users. 25
● Positive impact on reducing CO2 emissions resulting from the
manufacturing and placement of paving materials.
● Develops the required strength for opening to traffic in as little as 24 hours.
● White Topping overlays are bonded to existing asphalt to create a composite
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section, resulting in improved performance and durability at a lower cost
 CONCLUSION
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Due to advances in the area of mechanization and fast track
contraction , concrete roads and white topping provide a sustainable as
well as cost effective option for pavement construction
 References
● [Link], [Link], [Link] .“Unbonded Conventional White
Topping Overlay Performance in India” International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, Volume 1, pp.76-86 (2010)

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● Robert Otto Rasmussen “Thin and Ultra thin White Topping.”National
Cooperative Highway Research Program Synthesis 338.(2004)
● Purvesh Raval, Darsh Belani, Jayeshkumar Pitroda .” A Literature Review on
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UTW Pavements in Indian Context.”Journal of International Academic Research
For Multidisciplinary, Volume 1. (2013)
● “Thin White Topping- Colorado Experience.” Concrete Pavement Technology
Program
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THANK YOU