GLASS

A delicate, brittle but tough

material

Play video 10.1

AIM OF THE TOPIC:
• Definition of glass
• Uses of glass
• Properties of glass
• Manufacturing process of glass
• Post processing of glass
• Different treatments of glass
• Types of glasses
• Applications of glass in interior
designing
What do you understand by glass?
Glass be defined as or hard, brittle and
may material chiefly
transparent translucent of
composed of silica combined varying
proportions oxideswithof potassium, sodium,
calcium, magnesium, iron and other materials.
GLAS
S: Glass is produced by silica and the various
oxides in a furnace and allowed melting
cool rapidly so the needed
amorphous structure is achieved. toThe process thattransition of glass
from liquid state to solid state is reversible. of
is to mankind since ancient days. have
references
Glass known and mirror in and We Mahabharata.
of glass Ramayana
Glass is used for purposes…
following
1. To allow light transfer from one side to other side.
2. To prevent heat transfer or ventilation.
3. For preventing sound transfer.
4. For storing liquids and other materials.
5. To increase the aesthetics.
6. To protect delicate items bulb filament etc.
7. making Mirrors. like
8. For making artificial
9. For magnifying / de-magnifying
diamonds.
For
PROPERTIES OF GLASS :

1. Hard, amorphous and brittle.

2. Transparency
3. Melting from 1400 C to 1500 C.
4. point
Not isaffected by water, air, acids and
chemical agents. It is onlynormal
affected by some normal
alkalis.
5. thermal conductivity
Low heat and sound insulator.
Good
6. Takes high polish.
7. By fusion, glass pieces can be welded together.
Manufacturing of Glass :
MANUFACTURE OF GLAS
S 1. Collection of raw materials:
Depending upon the type of glass to be manufactured the raw material is
collected, e.g.:
SODA LIME GLASS: Chalk, Soda ash, clean Sand
POTASH LIME GLASS: chalk, potassium carbonate, clean sand
In addition to the raw materials, cullet and decolorizers are also added

CULLET:
waste glass or broken glass. This helps in fusion of glass and reduces
the cost.
DECOLORIZERS:
The raw material generally contains traces of iron oxide in varying
proportions
Ferrous oxide: Green color
Ferric oxide: Light yellow color

To avoid such effect and get a purely colorless glass, decolourizers like
Antimony oxide (Sb2O3) or Cobalt oxide (CoO) or Manganese dioxide
(MnO2) are used.
MANUFACTURE OF GLAS
S [Link] of batch:
The Raw materials, cullet and decolorizers are finely powdered using
grinding machines. These are then carefully and accurately weighed in correct
proportions according to the type of glass and then mixed thoroughly in
mechanical ,mixers until uniform mixture is obtained.

[Link] in furnace: The batch is melted in either pot furnace or tank

furnace.
1) Pot furnace: In this furnace pots are adopted as units. These
are made of fireclay. The pots are placed in specially prepared holes in the
furnace. The charging and collecting doors are kept projecting outside so that raw
material can be added and molten glass can be taken out conveniently.
The pots are filled with raw materials. The furnace is heated with producer
gas, when the glass melts it is taken out for fabrication. This is an intermittent
process, usually used for preparing special types of glasses
2) Tank furnace: It is constructed with reinforced masonry. The roof is
given special shape to deflect the flames of heated gas. Ports or
openings are provided for entry of preheated producer gas and doors
are provided for charging taking out molten glass.

The tank is unequally divided into two compartments by a bridge. The

larger section is used for heating the glass. The impurities, which float
on the surface are collected at top of large compartment and pure glass
flows through openings in the bridge into smaller compartment through
which the glass is taken out.

(Refractory lining is provided to the interior surface of the [Link] is a

continuous process for manufacture of glass in large quantities.)
 Ports
Roof

Bridge Charging
Doors Door
for Gal
Removin l
Molten
g Glass. Refractor
Batch Lining

small Large
compartment Compartment

Tank Furnace
Glass Manufacturing :
Traditional Method
Glass Manufacturing :
 Fabrication (Processing liquid glass)
The molten glass is given a suitable shape or form in this
stage. According to the desired end product the process
of fabrication differs:
Blowing: Hollow objects like vase, pots
Casting: To prepare mirrors, lenses
Drawing: To prepare sheet glass
Pressing: Ornamental articles, hollow glass articles
Rolling: Flat sheets
Spinning: Glass wool
1. Blowing- for this purpose a blow pipe is used. It’s dia is @
12mm & length is @ [Link] end of the pipe is dipped
in the molten mass & lump of @ 50N weight is taken out.
The operator blows vigorously from other end of blow
pipe. It can also be done with the help of air compressor.
This blowing causes molten mass to take the shape of a
cylinder. It is heated again for few seconds & blown again.
This process is continued till the cylinder of
desired shape is [Link] is then placed on the iron plate
& disconnected from blow pipe. It is then cut vertically by
a diamond. It falls into a thin plate.

Play video no. 10.2

2. Drawing :- In this process the molten glass is pulled by
hand or by mechanical equipment. An iron rod is dipped
sideways in the molten mass of the glass. It is lifted
horizontally, it catches up sheet of molten glass. This sheet is
then allowed to pass over large rotating rollers. The rollers
help the molten glass to spread in the form of thin sheet.
3. Pressing :- In this process the molten glass is pressed into
moulds. The pressure is applied either by hand & by
mechanical way. It is used for manufacturing of ornamental
articles, hollow glass articles.
3. Rolling :- There are two methods of rolling. In first method,
the molten glass is passed between heavy iron rollers & flat
glass of uniform thickness is obtained. In another method,
molten glass is poured on flat iron table & it is then made flat
with heavy iron rollers.
(play video no 10.3)

4. Spinning :- In this process the molten glass is spun at high

speedy a machine to form very fine glass fibers. This glass
has good tensile strength. It is very soft & flexible. Used for
sound & heat insulation.
Coloring substances:
 Blue: cobalt oxide, cupric oxide
 Red: caprous oxide, metallic gold
 Violet: manganese dioxide
 White opaque: tin oxide, calcium
phosphorite
 Yellow/brown: antimony
trisulphide,
charcol, silver borate etc.
POST PROCESSING OF GLASS

 Toughening
 Acid washing
 Etching
 Film Application
 Edge Polishing
 Coating
Play Video 10.4
TYPES OF GLASSES:
1) BASED UPON MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUE
• 1. SHEET GLASS :
• The glass is drawn through a narrow slit on a clay float when it is
a fire in
viscous semi-solid state. While it is getting solidified it is passed through
asbestos rollers to control the thickness. Glasses 2 mm to 6 mm are
from
manufactured by this process.
2. GLASS :
PLATE is taken in a and poured on a cast iron table. Then a
Molten is metal
roller rolledladle
on the solidifying glass to control the thickness. Further, on
cooling, the glass is needed to be polished / ground on both sides.
is also done to reduce the brittle-nature.
Annealing By this process, glass up to 25mm
thickness can be produced. Plate glass is superior in quality than sheet
3. FLOAT GLASS : glass.
Molten glass is poured on the gravity
like molten tin than the molten glass. Thus liquid
stagnant the molten
having glass
larger is specific
made to
on the denser liquid. Float glass has a very fine finish and is absolutely float free
from waves.
Types of glasses:
[Link]-lime glass / soft glass : It is a mixture of sodium silicate and calcium silicate. These
are ordinary glasses which are used in windows, partitions and normal uses in our
Interior line.
(Na2CO3 + SiO2 + CaCO3)
(Soda 10% + Sand 70% + limestone 10%) + Broken glass
Properties 1. It is available in clean & clear state.
2. It is cheap
3. Easily fusible at comparatively low temperature.
4. It is possible to blow or to weld articles made from this glass with the help
of simple sources of heat.
Uses - It is used in the manufacture of glass tubes and other laboratory apparatus like
Test tubes and flasks.
[Link]-lime glass/ Bohemian glass/ Hard glass :It is a mixture of potassium silicate and
calcium silicate. This glass has higher melting point and is hard. It also resists action of chemical
reagents. It is used for making combustion tubes and laboratory equipment
(K2CO3 + SiO2 + CaCO3)
(Potash 10% + Sand 70% + limestone10%) + Broken glass

Properties- [Link] fuses at high temperature.

[Link] easily affected by water and other solvents.
[Link]’t melt so easily.
Uses - it is used in manufacture of glass articles, which have to withstand high temperature such
as
3. Potash- lead glass/ flint glass
Mixture of Potassium and lead silicate. These are used in lenses and prisms since
these have good refractive index. These are also used high quality
glass
ware and ornamentals, artificial diamonds.
K2CO3 + SiO2 + PbO
(Potash 17% + flint stone 50 % + Red lead 33%) + Broken glass
Properties : 1. Fuses very easily
2. It possesses bright luster and great refractive power. Turns black and
opaque, if comes in to contact with reducing gases of furnace during heating.
Uses - Used in manufacture of article gems, electric bulbs, lenses, prisms etc.

[Link] glass/ bottle glass

Prepared from cheap raw material. It is mainly a mixture of sodium silicate, calcium silicate
and iron silicate.
Properties-
1. Fuses with difficulty.
2. Brown, green / yellow in color
3. Easily attacked by acids.
Uses - Used in manufacture of medicine bottles.
TYPES OF GLASSES:

• II] BASED UPON THE COLOUR OF THE

GLASS
• 1. Plain colorless glass
• 2. Tinted glass
•Tinted glasses are in brown
tints of varying degrees.
available gray or to have
other tints like blue, greenIt etc.
is possible
But, these
have not produced to the needed quality
been not found wider acceptance. As such
and have
these are not manufactured in sheet form
SPECIAL VARIETES OF
GLASS :
1. FROSTED GLASS:
A normal glass is frosted fine
by bombarding sand particle or by rubbing
sand particles on the fine
surface of the glass. Due to this, the
transparency of the glass is lost and the glass becomes translucent.
glass is also called as 'ground' glass or 'obscured'Thisglass.

2. TEXTURED GLASS, FLUTED GLASS, ETC: These glass do not have a

plane surface on one side since these are solidified on a textured surface or are rolled by
fluted surface. These glasses are not transparent and are used for bathroom windows,
partition panels or window panels etc.

FROSTED
GLASS
3. BULLET - PROOF GLASS:
This glass is made by several layers of ordinary glass with alternate
layers of vinyl-resin films. Special care is taken for heating and
cooling for purposes. The thickness varies from 15 mm to
annealing 75 mm.
[Link]-WOOL:
This is nothing but glass fibers. These are used for heat and
sound insulation.
[Link] BLOCKS:
These are partially evacuated and completely sealed hollow units
which are formed by fusing together 2 halves of pressed
glass. Edges are coated
With a grid bearing plastic material so that it is permanent and effective bend
with mortar ensued. Available in sizes 50mm, 200mm & 300mm with
approx. Thickness of [Link] are set in cement mortar.
GLASS WOOL

GLASS BLOCKS
[Link] glass
It is composed minute glass rods. It is soft to touch and flexible in nature. Doesn’t
absorb water and is fire proof. Used for thermal insulator, for fibre glass
reinforced plastics etc.

[Link] glass
Prepared in the form of rectangular blocks. Mixture of finely grounded glass and is
carbon are thoroughly mixed in furnace, then it is melted. It expands and assumes
the form of a black foam. It floats in water & can be cut like wood. It is fire proof,
rigid and an excellent heat [Link] is used as a substitute for cork for use in air
conditioning and refrigeration industries.

FOAM GLASS
FIBRE GLASS
[Link] excluding glass
Allows light to pass through it but eliminates heat. used for window of
coaches of higher class in railways, window panels of important buildings.

9. Obscured glass
Used where light is to be transmitted but vision to be obscured. It has one surface either
ground or made opaque by melting powdered glass upon the surface. It can also be done
by rubbing action of sand blast. Used in public toilet, office doors, partitions etc.

10. Perforated glass

In this type of glass perforations are made in sheet glass with rollers. It is
used for panels for ventilators.

11. Safety glass

Formed by placing celluloid between 2 sheets of plate glass then applying glue
to make a single unit. If glass breaks, flying of splinters does not occur. Also
known as shatter-proof glass.
[Link] glass
Soluble glass is a popular name for sodium silicate or potassium silicate Made by
melting quartz sand, grinding potassium carbonate in glass tanks at 1300 C. to 1400
C. Resultant glass mass flows from furnace and it cools rapidly and breaks up in to
pieces called silica lumps . This glass is soluble is water under normal conditions.
Used for preparing acid-resistant cement.
13. Ultra violate ray glass
Glass transmits effectively ultra violate rays even though it is not in the
direction of rays of sun. Used in windows of schools, hospitals etc.

14. Wired glass

Steel wire mesh in square or hexagonal units is placed during rolling operation. If
glass breaks the pieces of glass are held by wire in position. It is fire resistant.
Used for roofs, skylight, fire resistant doors, windows.
TREATMENT OF GLASS:
BENDING: The glass may be bent into desired shape by placing it in ovens
in which temperature is regulated. The glass in form of rods, sheets, tubes is
placed in such ovens and heated. It is then bent when it is suitably heated.

CUTTING: The glass is cut in required sizes with the help of diamond or
rough glass or small wheels of hardened steel.

OPAQUE MAKING: The glass can be made opaque or impervious to light. It

is done by grinding the glass surface with emery. It can also be achieved
chemically by the application of hydrofluoric acid.

SILVERING: This process consists of applying a very thin coat of tin on the
surface of glass. The silver is deposited on this layer of tin. A suitable paint is
then applied to give protection against the atmospheric effect.
BLOWN GLASS
PRODUCTS
 BLOWN
GLASS
PRODUCTS
STAINED GLASS
BULLET PROOF
GLASS
 HEAT
EXCLUDING
GLASS
PERFORATED GLASS
STRUCTURAL
GLASS
(GLASS
BRICKS)
STRUCTURAL
GLASS
(TOUGHENED)
GLASS FLOORING
(TOUGHENED)
STRUCTURAL GLASS
(TOUGHENED)
Glass as a Building Material :
Glass as a Building Material :
Glass as a Building Material :
Glass as a Building Material :
THE END