ELECTRICAL
PARAMETERS
MD HELALUR RAHMAN
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER
TITAS 50 MW POWER PLANT
BPDB,TITAS, CUMILLA
SOME ELECTRICAL
PARAMETERS
Electrical Measuring Symbol
Parameters Unit
Voltage Volt V or E
Current Ampere I or I
Resistance Ohm R or Ω
SOME ELECTRICAL
PARAMETERS
Electrical Measuring Symbol
Parameters Unit
Conductance Siemen G or Ʊ
Capacitance Farad C
Charge Coulomb Q
SOME ELECTRICAL
PARAMETERS
Electrical Measuring Symbol
Parameters Unit
Inductance Henry L or H
Power Watts W
Impedance Ohm Z
SOME ELECTRICAL
PARAMETERS
Electrical Measuring Symbol
Parameters Unit
Frequency Herz Hz
How you should be
thinking about
electric circuits:
Voltage: a force that
pushes the current
through the circuit (in
this picture it would be
equivalent to gravity)
VOLTAGE
Voltage is an electrical potential
difference, the difference in electric
potential between two places. This
difference in charge between the two
points is called voltage.
VOLTAGE
Voltage is also called, in certain
circumstances, electromotive force (EMF). a
quantitative expression of the potential
difference in charge between two points in an
electrical field.
Voltage is what makes electric charges move.
It is the 'push' that causes charges to move in
a wire or other electrical conductor
VOLTAGE
It is measured in volts (v), The unit "volt" is
named after the Italian physicist
Alessandro Volta
CURRENT
An electric current is the rate of
flow of electric charge past a point
or region. An electric current is
said to exist when there is a net
flow of electric charge through a
region.
In electric circuits this charge is often
carried by electrons moving through a
wire.
CURRENT
The SI unit of electric current is the
ampere, which is the flow of electric
charge across a surface at the rate
of one coulomb per second. The
ampere (symbol: A), The
conventional symbol for current is I,
ALTERNATING
CURRENT (AC)
An electric current
that reverses its
direction many
times a second at
regular intervals,
typically used in
power supplies.
DIRECT CURRENT
(DC)
Direct current is
the unidirectional
flow of an electric
charge. A battery
is a prime
example of DC
power.
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
An electric
circuit is a path in
which electrons
from a voltage or
current source flow.
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
The point where those
electrons enter
an electrical circuit is
called the "source" of
electrons. The point
where the electrons
leave an electrical
circuit is called the
"return" or "earth
ground".
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
An electrical circuit is
the wiring pathway that
runs from the power
source, through wires to
the devices being
powered, the back again
to the power source.
A circuit is essentially a
completed loop
of electrical current.
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
Build a Circuit:
•Small light bulb (or a flashlight bulb)
•2 batteries (with the correct voltage for
your light bulb)
•Electrical tape (Scotch®tape also works)
•Bulb holder (optional)
•Battery holders (optional**)
RESISTANCE
Resistance is an electrical
quantity that measures how the
device or material reduces the
electric current flow through it. The
resistance is measured in units of
ohms (Ω).
How you should be
thinking about
electric circuits:
Resistance: friction that
impedes flow of current
through the circuit (rocks
in the river)
OHM`S LAW
Ohm's law states that the current
through a conductor between two
points is directly proportional to the
voltage across the two points. More
specifically, Ohm's law states that the
R in this relation is constant,
independent of the current and
Voltage.
Ohm’s Law
I=V/R
I = Current (Amperes) (amps)
V = Voltage (Volts)
R = Resistance (ohms)
Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854)
OHM`S LAW
The term Ohm's
law refers to one of the
fundamental
relationships found in
electric circuits: that, for
a given resistance,
current is directly
proportional to voltage.
OHM`S LAW
In other words, if
you increase the
voltage through a
circuit whose
resistance is fixed,
the current goes up.
INDUCTANCE
• The property of an electric circuit
by which an electromotive force is
induced in it as the result of a
changing magnetic flux.
INDUCTANCE
In electromagnetism
and electronics,
inductance is the
tendency of an
electrical conductor to
oppose a change in
the electric current
flowing through it.
INDUCTANCE
• In the SI system, the unit of
inductance is the henry (H), which
is the amount of inductance that
causes a voltage of one volt,
when the current is changing at a
rate of one ampere per second. I
Electromagnetic induction
Electromagnetic
induction is the
production of voltage or
electromotive force due
to a change in the
magnetic
field. Electromagnetic
induction was
discovered by Michael
Faraday in the 1830s.
Electromagnetic induction
Many electrical
components and
types of
equipment work
based on the
principle of
electromagnetic
induction.
Electric Motor
An electric
motor is
an electrical machi
ne that
converts electrical
energy into
mechanical energy.
Electric Motor
Electric
motors operate
through the interaction
between
the motor's magnetic
field and
electric current in a
wire winding to
generate force in the
form of rotation of a
shaft.
Working Principle
of
Motor
DC Motor
The working of DC
motor is based on
the principle that
when a current
carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic
field, it experiences a
mechanical force.
DC Motor
The direction of
the mechanical
force is given by
Fleming's Left-
hand Rule and its
magnitude is given
by F = BIL
Newton.
Induction Motor
(1) When the 3 phase
stator winding is
energised from a 3
phase supply,
a rotating magnetic
field is produced
which rotates around
the stator at
synchronous speed.
Induction Motor
(2) The rotating magnetic
field cuts the rotor
conductors, which as yet,
are stationary. Due to
this flux cutting, emfs are
induced in the rotor
conductors. As rotor
circuit is short circuited,
therefore, currents start
flowing in it.
Induction Motor
(3) Now, as
per Lenz's law ,
"the direction
of induced
current will be
such that it
opposes the
very cause that
produced it " .
Induction Motor
(4) Here, the cause of emf induction is the
relative motion between the rotating field
and the stationary rotor conductors. Hence,
to reduce this relative motion, the rotor
starts rotating in the same direction as that
of the stator field and tries to catch it but,
can never catch it due to friction and
windage and therefore emf induction
continues and motor keeps rotating.
Synchronous Motor
A synchronous electric mo
tor is an AC motor in
which, at steady state, the
rotation of the shaft is
synchronized with the
frequency of the supply
current; the rotation period
is exactly equal to an
integral number of AC
cycles.
Synchronous Motor
Working of synchronous
motors depends on the
interaction of the
magnetic field of the
stator with the magnetic
field of the rotor. The
stator contains 3 phase
windings and is supplied
with 3 phase power.
Synchronous Motor
Thus, stator
winding
produces a 3
phased
rotating
Magnetic-
Field. DC
supply is
given to the
rotor.
Synchronous Motor
The rotor enters into the
rotating Magnetic-Field
produced by the stator
winding and rotates in
synchronization. Now,
the speed of the
motor depends on the
frequency of the
supplied current.
Synchronous Motor
The speed of a synchronous
motor can be calculated as
Ns=60f/P=120f/p
where, f = frequency of the
AC current (Hz)
p = total number of poles
per phase
P = total pair number of
poles per phase.
Synchronous Motor
• If the load greater than breakdown load
is applied, the motor gets
desynchronized.
Generator
Generator is
an electrical
machine which converts
mechanical energy
into electricity. This
energy conversion is
based on the principle
of production of
dynamically induced
emf.
Generator
According to Faraday’s
laws of electromagnetic
induction, whenever a
conductor is placed in a
varying magnetic field
(OR a conductor is
moved in a magnetic
field), an emf
(electromotive force) gets
induced in the conductor.
Generator
If the conductor is
provided with a
closed path, the
induced current will
circulate within the
path.
Generator
According to
Fleming’s right
hand rule, the
direction of induced
current changes
whenever the
direction of motion
of the conductor
changes.
Alternator
An alternator is
an electrical
machine which
converts mechanical
energy into
alternating electric
energy. They are
also known
as synchronous
generators.
Synchronous Generator
If we consider a practical
synchronous generator,
then field magnets rotate
between the stationary
armature conductors. The
synchronous generator rotor
and shaft or turbine blades
are mechanically coupled to
each other and rotates at
synchronous speed.
Synchronous Generator
Thus, the magnetic
flux cutting produces
an induced emf
which causes the
current flow in
armature conductors.
Synchronous Generator
Thus, for each winding
the current flows in one
direction for the first
half cycle and current
flows in the other
direction for the second
half cycle with a time
lag of 120 degrees (as
they displaced by 120
degrees).
Synchronous Generator
Hence, the output power of
synchronous generator can be
shown as below figure.
THANK YOU
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