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Lecture-04 Histogram Equlaization

This document discusses image enhancement techniques using histogram processing. It begins with an overview of image histograms and how they show the distribution of grey levels in an image. It then covers histogram equalization, which improves dark or washed out images by spreading out the frequencies in an image to equalize it. An example of histogram equalization on an image is shown. Finally, it discusses local histogram processing, which performs histogram equalization on neighborhoods within an image rather than the entire image.

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Mahboob Ahmad
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135 views45 pages

Lecture-04 Histogram Equlaization

This document discusses image enhancement techniques using histogram processing. It begins with an overview of image histograms and how they show the distribution of grey levels in an image. It then covers histogram equalization, which improves dark or washed out images by spreading out the frequencies in an image to equalize it. An example of histogram equalization on an image is shown. Finally, it discusses local histogram processing, which performs histogram equalization on neighborhoods within an image rather than the entire image.

Uploaded by

Mahboob Ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Digital Image Processing

LECTURE 04
IMAGE ENHANCEMENT-II
(HISTOGRAM PROCESSING)

Maryiam Zahoor
A Note About Grey Levels

 So far when we have spoken about image grey level values we have said they are
in the range [0, 255]
 Where 0 is black and 255 is white
 There is no reason why we have to use this range
 The range [0,255] stems from display
 For many of the image processing operations in this lecture grey levels are
assumed to be given in the range [0.0, 1.0]
Image Histograms
Image Histograms

 The histogram of an image shows us the distribution of grey levels in the image
 Massively useful in image processing, especially in segmentation
Frequencies

Grey Levels
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Histogram Examples (cont…)


Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Histogram Examples (cont…)


Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Histogram Examples (cont…)


Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Histogram Examples (cont…)


Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Histogram Examples (cont…)


Histogram Examples (cont…)
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

 A selection of images and


their histograms
 Notice the relationships
between the images and
their histograms
 Note that the high contrast
image has the most
evenly spaced histogram
11
Histogram Equalization

The intensity levels in an image may be viewed as


random variables in the interval [0, L-1].
Let pr (r ) and ps ( s) denote the probability density
function (PDF) of random variables r and s.
Histogram Equalization
Histogram Equalization
Background (Probability
Distribution)
Histogram Equalization
Histogram Equalization
Histogram Equalization
Histogram Equalization(Summary)

 Spreading out the frequencies in an image (or equalising


the image) is a simple way to improve dark or washed
out images
 The formula for histogram
equalisation is given where
 rk: input intensity
 sk: processed intensity
 k: the intensity range
Discrete values:
(e.g 0 – 255)
k
 nj: the frequency of intensity j
sk  T (rk )  ( L  1) pr (rj )
 MN: number of pixels/ sum of all frequencies
j 0
k nj
L 1 k
 ( L  1)   nj k=0,1,..., L-1
j  0 MN MN j 0
Example 2
Example 2
Example 2
Example
Histogram Equalization-Examples
Histogram Equalization-Examples
Histogram Equalization-Examples
Histogram Equalization-Examples
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Function
Equalisation Transformation
Histogram Equalization-Examples
Histogram Equalization-Examples
Histogram Equalization-Examples
Histogram Equalization-Examples
Histogram Specification/Matching
Histogram Specification/Matching
Histogram Specification/Matching
Histogram Specification/Matching
Example
Cont.
Cont.
Cont.
Cont.
Histogram Matching Example
Histogram Matching
Example(continued)
Histogram Matching Example
(continued)
Local Histogram Processing

 Define a neighborhood and move its center from pixel to


pixel

 At each location, the histogram of the points in the


neighborhood is computed. Either histogram equalization or
histogram specification transformation function is obtained

 Map the intensity of the pixel centered in the neighborhood

 Move to the next location and repeat the procedure


Local Histogram Processing:
Example

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