CONCRETE

GOALS
 To give brief information about
I. Concrete-properties,production,composition
II. Cement-types of cement,mostly used cement
III. Construction Materials-mostly used ones.
 To give ideas about how presentation is made
 To upgrade our skills on making presentation
 Outline
 CONCRETE
1-What is concrete?
2-Composition of concrete
a) Water
b) Aggregates
c) Reinforcement
d) Chemical admixtures
e) Cement
3-Concrete production
a) Mixing Concrete
b) Workability
c) Curing
Outline continued
4-Properties of Concrete
5-Types of Concrete
6-Concrete Testing
7-Concrete Recycling
 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

a) Asphalt
b) Aggregate
c) Brick
d) Gypsum
 References
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CONCRETE
WHAT IS CONCRETE?
 Construction material
 Mixture of portland cement, water, aggregates,

and in some cases, admixtures.

 The cement and water form a paste that hardens

and bonds the aggregates together.

 Often looked upon as “man made rock”.

 Versatile construction material, adaptable to a wide variety of

agricultural and residential uses.

 Strong, durable, versatile, and economical.
CONCRETE
 Can be placed or molded into virtually any shape and
reproduce any surface texture.
 The most widely used construction material in the world.
 In the United States almost twice as much concrete is used as
all other construction materials combined.
 The ready-mix concrete producer has made concrete an
appropriate construction material for many applications.
Composition of concrete
 Water

 Aggregates

 Chemical admixtures

 Cement

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 WATER

 Good water is essential for quality concrete.

 Should be good enough to drink--free

of trash, organic matter and excessive

chemicals and/or minerals.
 The strength and other properties of

concrete are highly dependent on the

amount of water and the water-cement ratio.
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AGGREGATES
 Aggregates occupy 60 to 80 percent of the
volume of concrete.

 Sand, gravel and crushed stone are the

primary aggregates used.

 All aggregates must be essentially free

of silt and/or organic matter.
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CHEMİCAL ADMİXTURES

 Materials in the form of powder or fluids that are added to the

concrete to give it certain characteristics not obtainable with
plain concrete mixes.

 In normal use, admixture dosages

are less than 5% by mass of cement,
and are added to the concrete at the
time of batching/mixing.
CHEMİCAL ADMİXTURES

The most common types of admixtures are:

 Accelerators :
- Speed up the hydration (hardening) of the concrete.
- Typical materials used are CaCl2 and NaCl.
 Acrylic retarders :
-Slow the hydration of concrete, and are used in large or
difficult pours.
- Typical retarder is table sugar, or sucrose (C12H22O11).
CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
 Air Entraining agents:
-The most commonly used admixtures for concrete.
-Produce microscopic air bubbles throughout the
concrete.
-Entrained air bubbles:
 Improve the durability of concrete exposed to
moisture and freeze/thaw action.
 Improve resistance to scaling from deicers and
corrosive agents such as manure or silage.
CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
 Water-reducing admixtures
-Increase the workability of plastic or "fresh" concrete,
allowing it be placed more easily, with less consolidating
effort.
-High-range water-reducing admixtures are a class of
water-reducing admixtures
 Increase workability

 Reduce the water content of a concrete.

 Improves its strength and durability characteristics.

REINFORCEMENT
 Strong in compression, as the aggregate efficiently carries the
compression load.
 Weak in tension as the cement
holding the aggregate in place can
crack, allowing the structure to fail.
 Reinforced concrete solves these
problems by adding either
metal reinforcing bars, steel fibers, [Link]
glass fiber, or plastic fiber to carry tensile loads.
CEMENT
 Crystalline compound of calcium silicates and other calcium
compounds having hydraulic properties.
 Considered hydraulic because of their ability to set and harden
under or with excess water through the hydration of the
cement’s chemical compounds or minerals

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CEMENT
 Uses
Main use is in the fabrication of concrete and mortars
 Modern uses
-Building (floors, beams, columns, roofing, piles, bricks,
mortar, panels, plaster)
-Transport (roads, pathways, crossings, bridges, viaducts,
tunnels, parking, etc.)
-Water (pipes, drains, canals, dams, tanks, pools, etc.)
-Civil (piers, docks, retaining walls, silos, warehousing, poles,
pylons, fencing)
-Agriculture (buildings, processing, housing, irrigation)
CEMENT
HYDRAULIC CEMENTS:
Hydraulic lime: Only used in specialized mortars. Made

from calcination of clay-rich limestones.

Natural cements: Misleadingly called Roman. It is made

from argillaceous limestones or interbedded limestone and
clay or shale, with few raw materials. Because they were
found to be inferior to portland, most plants switched.
Portland cement: Artificial cement. Made by the mixing

clinker with gypsum in a 95:5 ratio.

CEMENT
Portland-limestone cements: Large amounts (6% to
35%) of ground limestone have been added as a filler to a
portland cement base.

Blended cements: Mix of portland cement with one or

more SCM (supplementary cemetitious materials) like
pozzolanic additives.

Pozzolan-lime cements: Original Roman cements. Only

a small quantity is manufactured in the U.S. Mix of pozzolans
with lime.
CEMENT
Masonry cements: Portland cement where other
materials have been added primarily to impart plasticity.

Aluminous cements: Limestones and bauxite are the

main raw materials. Used for refractory applications (such as
cementing furnace bricks) and certain applications where rapid
hardening is required. It is more expensive than portland.
There is only one producing facility in the U.S.
 PORTLAND CEMENT
 Most active component of concrete

 The greatest unit cost in concrete,

 Its selection and proper use are

important in obtaining most
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economically the balance of properties
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desired for any particular concrete mixture.

PORTLAND CEMENT
 The production process for portland cement first involves
grinding limestone or chalk and alumina and silica from shale
or clay.
 Type I/II portland cements are the most popular cements used
by concrete producers
-Type I cement is the general purpose cement and most
common type. Unless an alternative is specified, Type I is
usually used.
-Type II cement releases less heat during hardening. It is
more suitable for projects involving large masses of concrete--
heavy retaining walls
Types of Portland cement
Cement Use
type
I1 General purpose cement, when there are no extenuating
conditions
II2 Aids in providing moderate resistance to sulfate attack
III When high-early strength is required
IV3 When a low heat of hydration is desired (in massive
structures)
V4 When high sulfate resistance is required
IA4 A type I cement containing an integral air-entraining agent

IIA4 A type II cement containing an integral air-entraining agent

PORTLAND CEMENT

Physical Properties of Portland Cements

1) Fineness,
2) Soundness
3) Consistency
4) Setting time
5) Compressive strength
6) Heat of hydration
7) Loss of ignition
Concrete production

 This process develops physical and chemical properties like

mechanical strength, low moisture permeability, and chemical
and volumetric stability.
A properly proportioned concrete mix will provide
 Mixing concrete

 Workability

 Curing
 Mixing concrete
 Essential for
I. The production of uniform concrete,
II. High quality concrete.
 Equipment and methods should be capable
of effectively mixing

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Workability
 The ease with which freshly mixed concrete can be placed and
finished without segregation.
 Difficult to measure but ready-mix companies usually have
experience in determining the proper mix.
 Important to accurately describe what the concrete is to be
used for, and how it will be placed.
Curing
 Concrete that has been specified, batched, mixed, placed, and
finished "letter-perfect" can still be a failure if improperly or
inadequately cured.
 Usually the last step in a concrete
project and, unfortunately,
is often neglected even by professionals.

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Curing
 Curing has a major influence on the properties of hardened
concrete such as durability, strength, water-tightness, wear
resistance, volume stability, and resistance to freezing and
thawing.
 Proper concrete curing for agricultural and residential
applications involves keeping newly placed concrete moist
and avoiding temperature extremes (above 90°F or below
50°F) for at least three days.
 A seven-day (or longer) curing time is recommended.
Curing
 The best curing method depends on:
 Cost,

 Application equipment required,

 Materials available,

 Size and shape of the concrete surface.

 Prevent the loss of the mixing water from concrete by sealing

the surface.
 Can be done by:
 Covering the concrete with impervious paper or plastic sheets,

 Applying membrane-forming curing compounds.

Curing

 Begin the curing as soon as the concrete has hardened

sufficiently to avoid erosion or other damage to the freshly
finished surface.
 Usually within one to two hours after placement and finishing.

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Properties of concrete
 Strength
 Elasticity
 Cracking
 Shrinkage cracking
 Tension cracking
Strength
Concrete has relatively
 High compressive strength,

 Low tensile strength

 Fair to assume that a concrete sample's tensile strength is about

10%-15% of its compressive strength

 The ultimate strength of concrete is influenced by

- water-cementitious ratio
-the design constituents
- the mixing
-placement
-curing methods
Elasticity
 Function of the modulus of elasticity of the aggregates and the
cement matrix and their relative proportions
 The American Concrete Institute allows the modulus of elasticity
to be calculated using the following equation:

where
wc = weight of concrete (pounds per cubic foot) and where

f'c = compressive strength of concrete at 28 days (psi)

Cracking
 All concrete structures will crack to some extent.
 Cracks due to tensile stress induced by shrinkage or stresses
occurring during setting or use

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Shrinkage cracking
 Occur when concrete members undergo restrained volumetric
changes (shrinkage) as a result of either drying, autogenous
shrinkage or thermal effects.

 The number and width of shrinkage

cracks that develop are influenced by
-the amount of shrinkage that occurs
-the amount of restraint present
-the amount and spacing of reinforcement provided.

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Tension cracking

 Most common in concrete beams where a transversely applied

load will put one surface into compression and the opposite
surface into tension due to induced bending.
 The size and length of cracks is dependent on
- The magnitude of the bending moment
- The design of the reinforcing in the beam at the point
under consideration.
Types of concrete
 Regular concrete
 High-strength concrete
 High-performance concrete
 Self-consolidating concretes
 Shotcrete
Concrete testing

Compression testing of a concrete cylinder

Same cylinder after failure