Daffodil International University

(DIU)
Effluent Treatment Plant ( ETP )

Submitted To:
Asit Ghosh
Assistant Professor
Daffodil International University
Name: Fatema Begum
ID: 181-23-5260
 Concept of ETP
 Effluent treatment Plant covers the mechanisms and processes
used to treat such waters that have been contaminated in
some way by anthropogenic industrial or commercial
activities prior to its release into the environment or its re-
use.

 This effluent contains several pollutants, which can be

removed with the help of an effluent treatment plant.

 ETP treat water and make free from all objectionable

impurities present in suspension, colloidal or dissolved form.
 Why do we need to treat
Effluent?
 To prevent groundwater pollution
 To prevent sea shore
 To prevent soil
 To prevent marine life
 Protection of public health
 To reuse the treated effluent
 For agriculture
 For groundwater recharge
 For industrial recycle
 Solving social problems caused by the accumulation of
wastewater
 Need of ETP in Industry
Manufacturers face strict regulations on discharge and waste. Non-
compliance can lead to expensive fees and operations interference.

A wastewater treatment help them to:

 Stay in compliance
 Reduce transportation and off-site treatment costs
 Reduce supply costs by recovering production materials out of
the waste-stream for re-use
 Eliminate municipal fees
 Eliminate unnecessary water usage during processing
 Types of ETP
• Chemical.
• Physical.
• Biological.
Introduction About Chemical
& Biological ETP
Name: Afrin Wasima Rinthi
ID: 181-23-5257
ETP Plant with Advance Treatment
Flow Chart of ETP
 Major Treatment units in
ETP
•Preliminary Treatment Secondary Treatment
 Screens  Activated Sludge Process (ASP)

 Detritor/scrapers  Trickling Filter

 Aerated Lagoons
 GritChamber
 UASB
 Skimming Tanks
 Multiple Evaporator (ME) Plant
 Aeration  Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC)

•Primary Treatment Tertiary Treatment

 Sand/ Membrane Filters
 Sedimentation/ Settling tank
 Activated Carbon Filters
 Clarifloculator
 Disinfection
 Equalization Tank
 Ion-exchange/ESP
 Neutralization Tank
 Nutrient Removal
 Preliminary
Treatment
 Preliminary treatment removes gross solids and materials that can be
easily collected from the effluent and can damage or clog the pumps
and skimmers of primary treatment clarifiers.

 These are in-organic materials and insoluble organic pollutants (i.e. large
floating and suspended solid matter, grit, oil & grease) which are inert
and cause problems to further chemical and biological treatments.

 The presence and sequence of preliminary treatment units are totally

depend upon the characteristic of effluent that is to be treated.

 All preliminary treatment consist of physical separation techniques

by controlling flow rate of effluent.
 Preliminary Treatment-
Screens
Screens are used for removal of large floating and sub-merged material
such as plastic, paper pieces, rubber, etc. from effluent.

Major objectives are:

 They prevent clogging in pump, pipes and valves, etc.
 Prevent to interfere large material in primary and secondary
treatment
units.

Screens are classified in number of ways as follows:

 Based on the size of opening- such as coarse, medium and fine
screens.
 Depending upon shape- such as disc, drum, band, etc.
 Based on method of cleaning- such as mechanical or manual.
Mechanical medium screen Fine screen

Corse bar screen

Name: Md. Raisul Islam
ID: 181-23-5236
 Preliminary Treatment- Detritors/
Scrappers
Detritors are shallow circular ponds used in pre-treatment plants with
the
purpose of grit removal.

 Chain or blade type

Detritors/scrappers are utilised in an
adjacent channel into which the collected grit is transferred.

 Usedwhen the soft and sticky substance, sticks on fixed bars and can
not get through the screen. Grits with a 6 m diameter are removed in
the detritor.
Detritor/ Scrapper

Detritor/ Scrapper
 Preliminary Treatment- Grit
chamber
 Grit Chamber is used for removal of inert inorganic material consist of
sand, ash, cinder, silt, clay, glass pieces, etc.
 It provides safeguard against ant damage to pumps, pipes and
other equipments by avoiding settling in pipe bends and channels.
 The eliminated material is collected from chamber and used for
land- filling, road making and on sludge drying beds.

Major objectives :
 Protection of pumps, valves, piping, etc.
 Minimizing chances of pipe chocking with in-organic inert material.
 Preventing grit from occupying volume in primary and biological
treatment
units.
 Preliminary Treatment- Skimming
tank
 Skimming Tank is used for removal of oil and grease consist of fats, waxes, fatty
acids, soaps, mineral oils, etc. present in emulsified condition in effluent.

 These materials have low solubility in water, therefore not readily available for
biological treatment and often accumulate on surface in form of scum causing
foul odors.

 The efficiency can be improve by aeration, chlorination or vacuum

floatation.
Objectives:
 Removal of scum (oil & grease) which can otherwise create problem in
biological treatment units.
 Increases DO content and remove undesirable gases.
 Enhances flocculation of suspended particles.
Skimming Tank with separated oil & grease at top

Collection of separated oil & grease at edge

Name: Satu Akter
ID: 181-23-5339
 Primary Treatment
 Primarytreatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a
inert basin where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil,
grease and lighter solids float to the surface.

 The settled material go for sludge treatment and floating materials

are skimmed off. The remaining liquid is passed to secondary
treatment.

 Tanks are usually equipped with mechanically driven scrapers that

continually drive the collected sludge towards a hopper in the base of
the tank where it is pumped to sludge treatment facilities.

 At this stage, over 70% of the suspended solids and 40% of the BOD is
removed from effluent.
 Sedimentation Tank (Clarifier)
 Sedimentation Tank are designed to remove suspended particles that are
heavier than water through gravitational force by reducing water velocity.
 So it’s a solid liquid separation process in which a suspension is separated into
two phases –
1. Clarified supernatant leaving the top of the sedimentation tank(underflow).
2. Concentrated sludge leaving the bottom of the sedimentation tank(overflow).

Objectives:
 To remove coarse dispersed phase.
 To remove coagulated and flocculated impurities.
 To remove precipitated impurities after chemical treatment.
 To settle the sludge (biomass) after activated sludge process / tricking filters.
 Sedimentation Tank (Clarifier)
Factors affecting sedimentation
 Characteristics of solid particles- size, shape, specific gravity,
concentration,
etc.
 Characteristics of liquid- temp., viscosity, specific gravity, etc.
 Physical characteristics of clarifiers- detention period, shape and depth
of basins, flow rate, etc.

Types of Sedimentation Tanks:

 According to shape- Rectangular tank, circular tank
 According to direction of flow- Longitudinal and radial flow, vertical
flow.
 According to nature of working- Fill and draw, Continuous flow
 According to method of sludge collection- flat bottom tank with or
without scrapper, hopper bottom tank.
Circular Primary Settling Tank Rectangular Settling Tank

Working of Settling Tank

 Clarifloculator
 Clarifloculator consist of coagulation (chemical) and flocculation
(mechanical) process.

 Employed when finely divided SS and colloidal particles nan not be

efficiently removed by simple sedimentation. In such cases
chemical assistance is taken.

 The chemical used for coagulation are called coagulants.

 The most common coagulants are Alum, hydrated lime, ferric

chloride,
ferrous sulfate and PAC (Poly aluminum Chloride).
Name: Sani Rahman Akash
ID: 181-23-5292
 Coagulation, Flocculation
Coagulation
 Coagulation is the conversion of finely dispersed colloids into a small
floc with the addition of coagulates.
 Coagulation can either be followed by the process of settling or
flotation.

Flocculation
 The purpose of flocculation is to bring coagulated particles together
by mechanically inducing a velocity gradient within a liquid.
 Organic polyelectrolyte flocculation aids are effective in promoting
soluble
solids removal.
 Flocculation improves the removal of finely divided solids by
gravity settling.
Clarifloculator

Clarifloculator
 Equalization
Tank
 Some industries produce different types of wastes, having different
characteristics at different intervals of time.

 Hence, equalization tank is used to mixed different type

of effluent
thoroughly to produce homogenous and equalized effluent for
uniform treatment.

 Thisare large holding tanks with aeration or mechanical agitation

with paddles manually to give better mixing of the different unit
volumes of effluents.

 The effluent is hold and mixed for specified period of time.

Equalization by Surface Motors

Different Inlet in Equalization Tank

 Neutralization Tank
 Neutralization tank is used to provide treatment to highly acidic or
highly alkaline effluent trough neutralizing pH by addition of chemicals.

 Industry require neutralization of discharged effluent when it has

as highly acidic and/or highly alkaline effluent.

 Acidic effluent is usually

treated with lime stone or lime-slurry or
caustic soda, depending upon the type and quantity of effluent.

 Alkaline effluent is neutralized by sulphuric acid or CO2 or waste boiler

flue gas.
Name: Monir Hossen
ID: 181-23-5225
 Secondary treatment
 Secondary treatment is a biological treatment of effluent which is
typically performed by indigenous, water-borne micro-organisms in a
managed habitat.

 Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended organic (bio-

degradable) matter by consuming it as a food and convert it into new
cell mass, energy and CO2.

 The most common micro-organisms are bacteria (aerobic or anaerobic),

protozoa and rotifers; least common are fungi and algae.

 After secondary treatment almost 70-90% of BOD and 80-90%

of dissolved solids are removed from effluent.
 Trickling Filter
In trickling filter treatment, wastewater is sprayed through
sprinkling rotating arm on circular beds consist of 3-10 ft
deep coarse media (of crushed stones, gravels or synthetic
material).
Microorganisms get attach and grows on the media and results
in formation of film of micro-organisms called zoogloeal film.
This zoogloeal film consist of millions of micro-organisms
breakdowns organic material of effluent into simple and
soluble matter. Treated effluent is drain at bottom from where
it is collected then undergoes for sedimentation(SST).
It is
withsimple to operate
high quality and give almost 80-90% of BOD removal
effluent.
Trickling Filter with rotating arm Media bed of gravels and stones

Working of Trickling Filter

 Activated Sludge Process
(ASP)
 This is most versatile biological oxidation method employed for the
treatment of effluent containing of dissolved solids, coarse and
colloidal organic matter.

 In this method, effluent is aerated in a reaction tank consist of microbial

population in suspension form.
 The bacterial flora grows and remains suspended in the form of a floc
called activated sludge. A part of sludge is recycled for the same tank to
provide an effective microbial population for a fresh treatment cycle.

 Industrial ww
require 6 to 24 hours of aeration though which almost 90-
95% of BOD can be removed.
ASP combined with filtration

Aeration Tank in ASP

Name: Mohammad Assaduzzaman
ID: 181-23-5263
 UP-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
Reactor (UASB)
 UASB system is a three phase settler which separates sludge, liquid and
biogas in same tank under high turbulence without occupying large
space.

 Organic matter is degraded under anaerobic conditions by microbes

producing methane and CO2.

 More effective than conventional aerobic process, produces only 5-10%

of sludge. Hence, more popular in anaerobic treatment methods.
 UP-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
Reactor (UASB)
 Raw effluent is introduce from bottom of the reactor flow upward
through a sludge blanket composed of biologically formed granules
or particles. Treatment occurs as the waste comes in contact with
this granules.

 Treatedeffluent rises to the top along with generated biogas in form

of small bubbles. Treated effluent is collected though overflow weirs
and biogas is collected through a gas collection domes from top.

 Theseparated solids falls back through the baffle system on top

which
allow to settle down SS in the sludge blanket.
UASB working Mechanism

UASB Tank with gas holder doom

 Tertiary Treatment
 Tertiary treatment is the
final treatment, meant for ‘polishing’ the
effluent and removal of pollutants not removed in primary and
secondary treatment.

 These pollutants may include soluble inorganic compounds such as

phosphorous or nitrogen which may support algal growth in
receiving waters.

 Also removes organic materials contributing BOD, COD, color, taste,

odor; bacteria, viruses, colloidal solids contributing turbidity; or soluble
minerals which may interfere with subsequent re-use of the
wastewater.

 Preferred when treated water is need to be reuse or discharge is into

a highly sensitive or fragile ecosystem (estuaries, low-flow rivers,
coral reefs, etc).
 Tertiary Treatment
 Tertiary treatment add additional cost to the treatment process but
produce high quality effluent which can be reuse further for
commercial and industrial applications.

 Treated water can be reuse for the irrigation of a golf course, green
way or park, construction work, industrial process, etc. If it is
sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater recharge.

 Treated water is sometimes disinfected chemically or physically

depending upon the discharging location.
Name: Jannatul Ferdous Nayeem
ID: 181-23-5290
 Filtration
 Filtration is process of removing particulates and bacterial impurities that
could not be removed in earlier treatment, from water by passing it
through a porous medium.

 It is used to remove colloidal and other impurities which impart turbidity

to
water. Also for disinfection of water by reducing 90% of bacterial load.

 It is also used to reduce odor and color by arresting them in filter media.

 Thereare various type of filter available to treat certain type of

wastewater.

 Selection is totally depend upon characteristics of ww, efficiency

of absorbent, flow rate and pollutant to be removed from ww.
 Activated Carbon Filters
 ACF consist of activated carbon granules supported by very fine
quartz filter media. Various grades of carbon are available for
specialized treatment of wastewater.

 ACF are used to remove free chlorine, organic residues, toxic heavy
metal ions and color from ww.

 Most common adsorbents used are activated carbon, peat moss,

brown coal and other cellulose materials.

 This treatment not only improves taste of water but also protects
other water treatment units such as reverse osmosis membranes and
ion exchange resins from possible damage due to oxidation or organic
fouling.
Different media used for ACF

ACF Tubes or channels

 Ion-exchange

 This treatment is used for removal of toxic materials and

recovery of valuable materials from effluent.

 Ion-exchange is only economical when recovered material is

reused. So not economical when objective is only removal of
pollutants.

 Majorly used for recovery of Cr, Ni, Phosphate and H2SO4, Cu, Pb,
Hg and removal of cyanides from wastewater after Cr recovery.
 Advantages of ETP

1.To clean industry effluent and recycle it for further use.

2.To reduce the usage of fresh water in industries.
3.To preserve natural environment against pollution.
4.To meet the standards for emission of pollutants set by the
Government & avoid heavy penalty.
5.To reduce expenditure on water acquisition.
 Air & Water, the two have becomes global
essential elements on garbage cans now.
which all life depends,