Virtualization and the Cloud
Chapter 7
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Requirements for Virtualization
Hypervisors should score well in three
dimensions:
[Link]: hypervisor should have full control of
virtualized resources.
[Link]: behavior of a program on a virtual machine
should be identical to same program running on bare
hardware.
[Link]: much of code in virtual machine should run
without intervention by hypervisor.
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Type 1 and Type 2 Hypervisors (1)
Figure 7-1. Location of type 1 and type 2 hypervisors.
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Type 1 and Type 2 Hypervisors (2)
Figure 7-2. Examples of the various combinations of
virtualization type and hypervisor. Type 1 hypervisors always
run on the bare metal whereas type 2 hypervisors use the
services of an existing host operating system.
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Techniques for Efficient Virtualization
Figure 7-3. When the operating system in a virtual machine executes a
kernel only instruction, it traps to the hypervisor if virtualization
technology is present.
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Virtualizing the Unvirtualizable
Figure 7-4. The binary translates rewrites the guest operating
system running in ring 1, while the hypervisor runs in ring 0
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Are Hypervisors Microkernels
Done Right? (1)
Figure 7-5. True virtualization and paravirtualization
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Are Hypervisors Microkernels
Done Right?
Figure 7-6. VMI Linux running on (a) the bare hardware
(b) VMware (c) Xen.
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hardware Support For
Nested Page Tables
Figure 7-7. Extended/nested page tables are walked every time a
guest physical address is accessed—including the accesses for each
level of the guest’s page tables.
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Clouds
National Institute of Standards and
Technology defines characteristics of “cloud”
[Link]-demand self-service
[Link] network access
[Link] pooling
[Link] elasticity
[Link] service
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Challenges in Bringing
Virtualization to the x86 (1)
Core attributes of a virtual machine to
x86-based target platform:
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Challenges in Bringing
Virtualization to the x86 (2)
Major Challenges:
[Link] x86 architecture was not virtualizable
[Link] x86 architecture was of daunting
complexity
3.x86 machines had diverse peripherals
[Link] for a simple user experience
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Virtualizing the x86 Architecture (1)
Figure 7-8. High-level components of the VMware virtual
machine monitor (in the absence of hardware support).
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Virtualizing the x86 Architecture (2)
Binary translation must be used if any of the
following is true:
[Link] machine is currently running in kernel
mode
[Link] machine can disable interrupts and
issue I/O instruction
[Link] machine is currently running in real
mode
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Virtual Hardware Platform (1)
Figure 7-9 Virtual hardware configuration options
of the early VMware Workstation, ca. 2000.
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Virtual Hardware Platform (2)
Figure 7-9 Virtual hardware configuration options
of the early VMware Workstation, ca. 2000.
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Role of the Host Operating System (1)
Figure 7-10. The VMware Hosted Architecture and its three
components: VMX, VMM driver and VMM.
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Role of the Host Operating System (2)
Figure 7-11. Difference between a normal context
switch and a world switch.
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
ESX Server: VMware’s type-1
Hypervisor (1)
Figure 7-11. ESX Server: VMware’s type-1 Hypervisor
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
ESX Server: VMware’s type-1
Hypervisor (2)
ESX Server architecture provides substantial benefits
[Link] scheduler ensures that each virtual machine gets
a fair share of the CPU
[Link] manager is optimized for scalability
3.I/O subsystem is optimized for performance
[Link] ends also typically relied on abstractions
provided by host operating system.
[Link] Server made it easy to introduce new capabilities
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
End
Chapter 7
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
