Elementary Logic
Some fundamentals of logic
• Logic allows us to determine the validity of
arguments in and out of mathematics.
• Illustrates the importance of precision and
conciseness of the language of mathematics.
• Proposition
• - is a statement which is true or false
• Examples
• 1. 9 is aprime number
• 2. 4 + 6 = 10
• 3. x + y > 3
• 4. 10 < -4
• 5. x = 10
Connectives Propositional Symbols Examples Read
Logic
Not Negation ¬ ¬p Not p ( p is
false)
And Conjunction ˄ p˄ q p and q
Or Disjunction ˅ p˅q
p or q
Implies Conditional → p→ q If p then q
Or p implies q
If and only if Biconditional ↔ p↔ q P if and only if
q
Example 1: The ff are propositions
• a. I will go to mall
• b. The sky is cloudy
• c. You will receive your promotion
• d. The function f(x) is continuous.
Example 2;
• Harry is happy ( p )
• Harry is going to watch a volleyball game ( q )
• It is going to rain (r )
• Today is Sunday (s)
Write the ff in symbol
1. Today is Sunday and Harry is not happy.
s˄¬p
2. Today is Sunday and harry will not be watching a
volleball game
s˄¬q
3. If it is going to rain, then Harry is not going to watch
a volleyball game
r→¬q
4. Harry is going to watch a volleyball game if and only
if he is happy.
q↔ p
5.Harry is happy only if it is not going to rain
p↔¬r
6. Harry is going to watch a volleyball game or it is
going to rain
q˅r
The truth table
A truth table is a table that shows the
truth value of a compound statement for
all possible truth values of its simple
statements.
P Q
T T
T F
F T
F F
Negation
P
Say P is• a proposition.
F T
T F
• The negation of P means and is denoted
by
Logical Operators
•
Say P and Q are propositions.
P Q
1. (Conjunction Tof PTandTQ) T denoted by
T P Fand F
2. (Disjunction of Q) Tdenoted by
F T F T
F F F F
Implication
•
Say P and Q are propositions.
The proposition (If PPthenQ Q) is called an
implication.
T T T
P is called the hypothesis
T Fand Q
F is called the
conclusion. F T T
F F T
Example: Implication
Symbolize the given statement, using capital letters to abbreviate the
simple statements (stated positively):
P = Neil is a big eater
Q = Len has a big voice
R = Lemy likes violet
If Neil is not big eater or Len has a big voice, then Lemy likes
violet.
( ¬ p˅q) → r
Conditional statements
•
Say P and Q are propositions. Given the
impication,
its inverse is ,
P ¬ Q ¬
the converse
p Q is
itsT contrapositive
F T F T is T T T
T F F T F
T T F
F T T F T
F F T
F T F T T
T T T
Construct the truth table
• 1. p˄ (¬ q)
p q ¬q p˄ (¬
q)
T T F F
T F T T
F T F F
F F T F
2. (- p˅ q) ˄ (-q)
p -p q ¬q (- p˅ q) ˄ (-q)
T F T F
T F F T
F T T F
F T F T
• 3. [ p˄(¬ q)] ˅ [(¬p) ˅ q]
Write symbols ¬ , ˄, ˅, →
Given: P: The sun is shining
Q: It is raining
R: The ground is wet
• 1.It is raining, then the sun is not shining
• 2. It is raining and the ground is wet
3. The sun is shining or it is raining
• 4. The ground is not wet
Example:
Inverse, Converse and Contrapositive
Say P and Q are propositions. Given the impication,
itsGive
inverse is , converse and contrapositive of the
the inverse,
following implication:
the1. converse
If this bookis
is interesting, then I am staying at
home.
its contrapositive is
2. If you are more than 60 years old, then you are
entitled to a senior citizen’s card.
• •
If this book is interesting, then I am
staying at home.
its inverse is ,
the converse is
its contrapositive is
• Inverse : If this book is not
interesting, then I am not staying
at home.
• Converse: I am staying at home if
Bi-conditional
•
Say P and Q are propositions.
The proposition
P Q (P if and only if Q) is called a
biconditional
F F statement.
T T
T
It is equivalent to () ()
F T T F
F
T F F T F
T T T T T
Quantifiers
•
Quantifiers are used to described the
variable/s in a statement.
1. Universal quantifier means “for all”, “for
every”
written denoted by
Compound quantifiers
•
1. If using same quantifiers, then the
ordering doesn’t matter.
2. If using mixed quantifier, then the
ordering does matter.
Example:
•
Example: Compound quantifier
•
Write as an English sentence and determine if it
is true or false.
•
• 1. For all x which is an element of positive integers,
there exist y which is an element of real numbers
such that the square of y is equal to x.
• 2. There exists x,y which are elements of natural
numbers such that y subtracted to x is equal to x
subtracted to y
Write the following in the symbolic form using P,Q,R
for the statements and the symbols where
2
p: A polygon is a triangle.
Given:
q: A polygon has exactly 3 sides.
The statement p, q represents the
sentence, "A polygon is a
Solution:
triangle if and only if it has
exactly 3 sides."
References:
• Learning the language of mathematics, https://
wac.colostate.edu/llad/v4n1/jamison.pdf
• The language of mathematics,
http://onemathematicalcat.org/pdf_files/LANG1.pdf
• The language and grammar of mathematics, http://
press.princeton.edu/chapters/gowers/gowers_I_2.pdf
• Guzon, A. Powerpoint Presentation: CHED ADMU GE Training (2016)
• Nocon R., Nocon E. Essential Mathematics for the Modern World (2016)
• Pinter, Set Theory (1971)
• Salvador, I., Powerpoint Presentation: Pampanga State Agricultural
University (2017)
