ANATOMY
Basic Anatomy
prep by : DR , Torialay salimi
MD , FMR
Anatomy:
Introductions:
Anatomy: is the science of the structure and
function of the body and its relations.
Clinical anatomy: is the study of the macroscopic
structure and function of the body as it relates to
the practice of medicine and other health sciences.
Basic anatomy: is the study of the minimal amount
of anatomy consistent with the understanding of
the overall structure and function of the body.
Descriptive Anatomic Terms:
important of sound knowledge and
understanding of the basic anatomic terms.
(With the aid of a medical dictionary, & etc.)
useage of anatomic (communicate with their
colleagues both nationally and internationally)
Without anatomic terms, (cannot accurately
discuss or record the abnormal functions of
joints, the actions of muscles, the alteration of
position of organs, or the exact location of
swellings or tumors.
Terms Related to Position
All descriptions of the human
body are based on the assumption
that the person is standing erect,
with the upper limbs by the sides
and the face and palms of the
hands directed forward. This is the
so-called anatomic position. The
various parts of the body are then
described in relation to certain
imaginary planes.
Median Sagittal Plane:
This is a vertical plane passing through
the center of the body, dividing it into
equal right and left halves.
Planes situated to one or the other side
of the median plane and parallel to it
are termed paramedian. A structure
situated nearer to the median plane of
the body than another is said to be
medial to the other. Similarly, a
structure that lies farther away from
the median plane than another is said
to be lateral to the other.
Coronal Planes:
These planes are imaginary
vertical planes at right angles
to the median plan.
Devid the body into anterior
and posterior parts.
Horizontal, or Transverse, Planes:
These planes are at right
angles to both the median and
the coronal plane.
Divide the body into horizontal
parts.
anterior and posterior terms:
The terms anterior and posterior are
used to indicate the front and back of
the body, respectively.
To describe the relationship of two
structures, one is said to be anterior or
posterior to the other insofar as it is
closer to the anterior or posterior body
surface.
In describing the hand, the terms
palmar and dorsal surfaces are used in
place of anterior and posterior,
In describing the foot, the terms
plantar and dorsal surfaces are used
instead of lower and upper surfaces.
The terms proximal and distal
describe the relative distances
from the roots of the limbs; for
example, the arm is proximal
to the forearm and the hand is
distal to the forearm.
The terms superficial and
deep denote the relative
distances of structures from
the surface of the body,
the terms superior and inferior
denote levels relatively high or
low with reference to the upper
and lower ends of the body.
The terms internal and external
are used to describe the relative
distance of a structure from the
center of an organ or cavity;
for example, the internal carotid
artery is found inside the cranial
cavity and the external carotid
artery is found outside the cranial
cavity.
The term ipsilateral refers to the same side of the body; for example,
the left hand and left foot are ipsilateral.
Contralateral refers to opposite sides of the body; for example, the
left biceps brachii muscle and the right rectus femoris muscle are
contralateral.
The supine position of the body is lying on the back.
The prone position is lying face downward.
The joints:
A site where two or more bones
come together is known as a
joint.
Some joints have no movement
(sutures of the skull),
some have only slight movement
(superior tibiofibular joint),
some are freely movable
(shoulder joint).
Flexion: is a movement that takes
place in a sagittal plane.
For example, flexion of the elbow joint
approximates the anterior surface of the
forearm to the anterior surface of the
arm. It is usually an anterior movement,
but it is occasionally posterior, as in the
case of the knee joint.
Extension : means straightening
the joint and usually takes place in a
posterior direction.
Lateral flexion is a movement of the
trunk in the coronal plane.
Abduction: is a movement of a
limb away from the midline of
the body in the coronal plane.
Adduction : is a movement of a
limb toward the body in the
coronal plane.
In the fingers and toes, abduction
is applied to the spreading of these
structures and adduction is applied
to the drawing together of these
structures .
The movements of the thumb ,
which are a little more
complicated.
Rotation is the term applied to
the movement of a part of the
body around its long axis.
Medial rotation is the movement
that results in the anterior surface
of the part facing medially.
Lateral rotation is the movement
that results in the anterior surface
of the part facing laterally.
Pronation of the forearm is a medial rotation of the forearm in such a manner
that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly.
Supination of the forearm is a lateral rotation of the forearm from the
pronated position so that the palm of the hand comes to face anteriorly.
Circumduction is the
combination in sequence
of the movements of
flexion, extension,
abduction, and adduction.
Protraction is to move forward;
retraction is to move backward (used to describe the forward and
backward movement of the jaw at the temporomandibular joints).
Inversion is the movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a
medial direction.
Eversion is the opposite movement of the foot so that the sole
faces in a lateral direction.
THE JOINT
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints
CONT ….
1 plane joints
2 hinge joints
3 pivot joints
4 Condyloid joints
5 ellipsoid joints
6 saddle joint
7 ball & socket Joint
Stability of joint
Joint surface
Ligament
Muscle tone
Ligament
1 Fibrose 2 elastic
Cont
Bursea
Synovial sheet
vincula
Artery and vein
Lymphatic
Nervous system
Mucosa membrane
Serous
Bone
Cont
Compact
Cancellous
Trabicula
Cont
Long bone ----- > femur
Short bone ----- > phalanges
Flat bone ----- > scapula
Irregular bone ---- > skull
Sesamoid bone ----> patella
Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage------ > epiphyseal plate
Fibro cartilage------ > sternoclavicular
Elastic cartilage------- > ear
Skin:
The skin is divided into two parts:
the superficial part, the epidermis,
and the deep part, the dermis
It shows considerable variation in
thickness in different parts of the
body.
The dermis of the skin is
connected to the underlying deep
fascia or bones by the superficial
fascia, otherwise known as
subcutaneous tissue.
appendages of the skin:
The appendages of the
skin are the nails, hair
follicles, sebaceous
glands, and sweat glands.
Fasciae:
The fasciae of the body can be divided into two
types superficial and deep and lie between the
skin and the underlying muscles and bones.
CONT ….
The superficial fascia, or subcutaneous tissue, is
a mixture of loose areolar and adipose tissue that
unites the dermis of the skin to the underlying
deep fascia.
In the scalp, the back of the neck, the palms of
the hands, and the soles of the feet, it contains
numerous bundles of collagen fibers that hold the
skin firmly to the deeper structures.
In the eyelids, auricle of the ear, penis and
scrotum, and clitoris, it is devoid of adipose tissue
The deep fascia is a membranous layer of
connective tissue that invests the muscles and other
deep structures. Fibrous septa extend from the deep
surface of the membrane, between the groups of
muscles.
In the region of joints, the deep fascia may be
considerably thickened to form restraining bands
called retinacula.
Their function is to hold underlying tendons in
position or to serve as pulleys around which the
tendons may move.
Muscle
The three types of muscle are skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac.
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscle:
Skeletal muscles produce the
movements of the skeleton; they are
sometimes called voluntary muscles
and are made up of striped muscle
fibers.
A skeletal muscle has two or more
attachments. The attachment that
moves the least is referred to as the
origin, and the one that moves the
most, the insertion . Under varying
circumstances the degree of mobility
of the attachments may be reversed;
therefore, the terms origin and
insertion are interchangeable.
The fleshy part of the muscle
is referred to as its belly . The
ends of a muscle are attached
to bones, cartilage, or
ligaments by cords of fibrous
tissue called tendons.
Smooth Muscle:
Smooth muscle consists of long, spindle-shaped cells closely arranged in
bundles or sheets. In the tubes of the body it provides the motive power for
propelling the contents through the lumen. In the digestive system it also
causes the ingested food to be thoroughly mixed with the digestive juices. A
wave of contraction of the circularly arranged fibers passes along the tube,
milking the contents onward. By their contraction, the longitudinal fibers pull
the wall of the tube proximally over the contents. This method of propulsion is
referred to as peristalsis.
In storage organs such as the urinary bladder and the uterus, the fibers are
irregularly arranged and interlaced with one another. Their contraction is slow
and sustained and brings about expulsion of the contents of the organs. In the
walls of the blood vessels the smooth muscle fibers are arranged circularly and
serve to modify the caliber of the lumen.
Depending on the organ, smooth muscle fibers may be made to contract by
local stretching of the fibers, by nerve impulses from autonomic nerves, or by
hormonal stimulation.
Cardiac Muscle:
Cardiac muscle consists of striated muscle fibers
that branch and unite with each other. It forms
the myocardium of the heart. Its fibers tend to
be arranged in whorls and spirals, and they have
the property of spontaneous and rhythmic
contraction. Specialized cardiac muscle fibers
form the conducting system of the heart.
Cardiac muscle is supplied by autonomic nerve
fibers that terminate in the nodes of the
conducting system and in the myocardium.
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION
ANY QUESTION
