GEOMETRY

Grade-8
Objectives
At the end of the presentation, students are
able to:
describe basic undefined terms and
defined terms of Geometry;
discuss angles and their properties; and
solve problems involving points, lines,
plane and angles.
Geometry Defined
 A branch of Mathematics that deals with the
measurement, properties and relationships of
points, lines, angles, planes, surfaces and
solids. (Meriam Webster Dictionary)
 Comes from two greek words Geo means Earth
and metron/metria/metrein which means
measurement.
 Literally, it means Earth’s Measurement.
Using Undefined terms and
definition
A definition uses known words to describe a
new word. In geometry, some words
such as point, line and plane are
undefined terms or not formally defined.
Using Undefined terms and
definition

• A point has no
dimension. It is A

usually represented
Point A
by a small dot.
Using Undefined terms and
definition
• A line extends in one
dimension. It is l
usually represented
by a straight line with A

two arrowheads to
indicate that the line
extends without end
B
in two directions. In Line l or AB
this book, lines are
always straight lines.
Using Undefined terms and
definition
A plane extends in two
dimensions. It is usually
represented by a shape
that looks like a tabletop A M
or wall. You must
imagine that the plane
C
extends without end even B
though the drawing of a
plane appears to have
edges.
Plane M or plane ABC
Points, Lines, and Planes
A few basic concepts . . .
 Must be commonly understood without
being defined. One such concept is the
idea that a point lies on a line or a plane.
 Collinear points are points that lie on
the same line.
 Coplanar points are points that lie on
the same plane.
Ex. 1: Naming Collinear and
Coplanar Points
a. Name three points
H
that are collinear
G

Solution: D E F

D, E and F lie on the

same line, so they
are collinear.
Ex. 1: Naming Collinear and
Coplanar Points
b. Name four points that
are coplanar. H

Solution:
D E F
D, E, F, and G lie on the
same plane, so they are
coplanar.
Ex. 1: Naming Collinear and
Coplanar Points
c. Name three points
that are not H

collinear. G

E F
Solution: D

There are many correct

answers. For
instance, points H,
E, and G do not lie
on the same line.
More . . .
 Another undefined
concept in geometry is l
the idea that a point on a
line is between two other B
points on the line. You
can use this idea to
define other important
terms in geometry.
A
 Consider the line AB
Line l or AB
(symbolized by AB).
More . . . A B
Segment AB
 The line segment or
segment AB l
(symbolized by AB) B
consists of the
endpoints A and B,
and all points on AB
that are between A A
and B. Line l or AB
More . . . A B

Ray AB
 The ray AB
(symbolized by AB) l
consists of the initial B
point A and all points
on AB that lie on the
same side of A as
point B. A
Line l or AB
More . . . A B

 Note that AB is the Ray BA

same as BA and AB is l
the same as BA. B
However, AB and BA
are not the same.
They have different
initial points and A
extend in different Line l or AB
directions.
 More . . .
 If C is between A and B,
then CA and CB are
opposite rays. l
 Like points, segments and B
rays are collinear if they C
lie on the same line. So,
any two opposite rays are
collinear. Segments, rays A
and lines are coplanar if Line l or AB
they lie on the same
plane.
Segments and Rays
Ex. 2: Drawing lines, segments
and rays
 Draw three noncollinear points J, K, and L.
Then draw JK, KL and LJ.
K Draw J, K and L

Then draw JK

J
L
Ex. 2: Drawing lines, segments
and rays
 Draw three noncollinear points J, K, and L.
Then draw JK, KL and LJ.
K
Draw KL

J
L
Ex. 2: Drawing lines, segments
and rays
 Draw three noncollinear points J, K, and L.
Then draw JK, KL and LJ.
K
Draw LJ

J
L
Ex. 3: Drawing Opposite Rays
 Draw two lines. Label
points on the lines and
M
name two pairs of Q
opposite rays.

X
Solution: Points M, N, and
X are collinear and X is
between M and N. So XM
P N
and XN are opposite rays.
Ex. 3: Drawing Opposite Rays
 Draw two lines. Label
points on the lines and
name two pairs of M
opposite rays. Q

Solution: Points P, Q, and X X

are collinear and X is
between P and Q. So XP
and XQ are opposite rays. P N
Postulate
A postulate, or axiom, is a statement that is
accepted as true without proof. Postulates about
points, lines, and planes help describe
geometric properties.
More Postulates
Goal 2: Sketching Intersections of
Lines and Planes
 Two or more geometric figures intersect if
they have one or more points in common.
The intersection of the figures is the set of
points the figures have in common.
Ex. 4: Sketching intersections
 Sketch the figure
described.
a. A line that intersects a
plane in one point
 Draw a plane and a
line.
 Emphasize the point
where they meet.
 Dashes indicate where
the line is hidden by
the plane
Ex. 4: Sketching intersections
 Sketch the figure
described.
a. A line that intersects a
plane in one point
 Draw a plane and a
line.
 Emphasize the point
where they meet.
 Dashes indicate where
the line is hidden by
the plane
Ex. 4: Sketching intersections
 Sketch the figure
described.
b. Two planes that
intersect in a line
 Draw two planes.
 Emphasize the line
where they meet.
 Dashes indicate where
one plane is hidden by
the other plane.
Ex. 4: Sketching intersections
 Sketch the figure
described.
b. Two planes that
intersect in a line
 Draw two planes.
 Emphasize the line
where they meet.
 Dashes indicate where
one plane is hidden by
the other plane.
1. Use the figure to name each
of the following.
a. A line containing point K
b. A plane containing point L

J
M

L
B
2. Identify what is being asked

a. Name four coplanar points.

b. Name four lines.

c. Name four segments.

d. Name four rays.

3. Draw and label a figure for
each relationship.
a. Plane R contains lines AB and DE, which
intersect at point P. Add point C on plane R
so that it is not collinear with AB or DE.

Draw what is being asked in 1 whole bond

paper. Write your name and submit to
google classroom.
 Recitation: Part I
1. Two opposite rays.

2. A point on BC.

3. The intersection of plane N and plane T.

4. A plane containing E, D, and

B.
 Lesson Quiz: Part II
Draw each of the following.
5. a line intersecting a plane at one point

6. a ray with endpoint P that passes

through Q
POSTULATE
a statement about geometric
figures accepted as true without
proof.
Ruler Postulate
The points on a line can be placed in a one-to-
one correspondence with real numbers so that
 For every point on the line, there is exactly one
real number.
 For every real number, there is exactly one point
on the line.
 The distance between any two points is the
absolute value of the difference of the
corresponding real numbers.
If Q is between P and R, then PQ + QR = PR.

What does this mean?

Start with a picture:
P Q R

If point Q is between points P and R, then the distance between P and Q

plus the distance between Q and R is equal to the distance between P and R.
 If PQ + QR = PR, then Q is between P and R.

What does this mean?

the measure of segment PQ plus the measure of segment QR is equal to
he measure of segment PR, then point Q must be between points P and R.

12 3
PR = 15
P Q R
 N is between L and P. LN = 14 and PN = 12. Find
LP.

L 14 12 P
N

Q is between R and T. RT = 18 and QR = 10. Find QT.

10

R Q T
18
Find MN if N is between M and P, MN = 3x + 2,
NP = 18, and MP = 5x.

M 3x + 2 18 P
N
5x

3x + 2 + 18 = 5x MN = 3 (10 ) + 2
3x + 20 = 5x MN = 32
-3x -3x
20 = 2x
2 2
10 = x
Angles and their
Measures
 1.4 Angles and Their Measures

Definition of Angles

An _____
angle is the union of two different rays that have the
same initial point.
The rays are the _____
sides of the angle and the initial point is
the ______.
vertex
C
Vertex e
Sid

A
Side B
 Naming Angles C

A
B

The three names for this angle:

CAB, BAC, and A.

The middle point is the vertex

Naming Angles

How many angles do you see?

THREE
 EXAMPLE

Name the angles in the figure.

Answers:
1. MNP or PNM
2. PNO or ONP Why should you not use N
3. ONM or MNO to name any angle in the figure?

All three angles have N as the vertex, so N could

mean any of the angles.
Measuring Angles
The expression mA is read as “the ________
measure of angle A.”

IMPORTANT!!! Note the difference in notation between an

angle and its measure. Always use the correct notation!!!

The tool used to measure angles is called a _________.

protractor

degrees and
The units used to measure angles are called _______,
the symbol for them is a _.
Measuring With a Protractor
Read OUTTER scale from
LEFT to RIGHT

55º

One side of the angle lined up along Vertex

the LEFT half of the protractor
Measuring With a Protractor
Read INNER scale from
RIGHT to LEFT

145º

One side of the angle lined up along

Vertex the RIGHT half of the protractor
Let’s measure some angles.

R
M
Y

Q T
S
Measuring Angles

Let’s measure some angles.

mQSR  ____70 R
M
45
mMST  ____ Y
mQSY  ____
45
Q T
S
Since mMST  mQSY , we say that the angles are
congruent
_________.
Remember: Angles are congruent, measures are equal.

Incorrect: MST  QSY and mMST  mQSY

Correct: MST  QSY and mMST  mQSY
 PROTRACTOR POSTULATE
 
 
For any point A on one side of OB, OA can be matched
one to one with the real numbers from 0 to 180.

The absolute value of the difference between the real

measure of AOB.
numbers for OA and OB is the ________

EXAMPLE Find mAOB.

Use either scale on the protractor to find it, but use the
same one for both rays.
Solutions:
mAOB  60  140  80 A
B
or
mAOB  120  40  80
O
To understand the next postulate, you must understand
some vocabulary:
A point that is between points that lie on each side of an
angle is in the _______
interior of the angle.
A point that is not on an angle or in its interior is in the
exterior of the angle.
________

exterior
A B
interior
Z

In the above diagram, A is in the interior of the angle and

B is in the exterior of the angle.
 ANGLE ADDITION POSTULATE
If P is in the interior of RST , then

mRSP  mPST  mRST

R

P
S

T
Checkpoint
D
1. Name the angles in the figure.

CDE or EDC C
EDF or FDE F
E
CDF or FDC

2. In the figure above, mCDE  and

62 mEDF  18.
Find the measure of . CDF .

Solution: mCDF  mCDE  mEDF

 62  18
mCDF  80
 1.4 Angles and Their Measures

GOAL 2 CLASSIFYING ANGLES

Right
Acute
Obtuse
Straight
 Angles are classified according to their angle measure

Classification Example Measure

ACUTE 0º < mA < 90º

A

RIGHT mA= 90º

A

OBTUSE 90º < mA < 180º

A

STRAIGHT mA= 180º

A
Two angles that share a common vertex and side, but have
no common interior points, are called ________
adjacent angles.

D C Name the two adjacent angles in

the diagram.
B ADB (BDA) and CDB (BDC )
A


The common vertex is __ DB
D and the common side is ___.
Example
Use a protractor to draw two adjacent angles LMN and
NMO so that LMN is acute and LMO is straight.

L M O

Classify NMO as acute, right, obtuse, or straight: obtuse

Angle Addition Postulate
EXAMPLE 3
Find angle measures
o
ALGEBRA Given that m LKN =145 , find m LKM and m MKN.

SOLUTION

STEP 1
Write and solve an equation to find the value of x.

m LKN = m LKM + m MKN Angle Addition Postulate

145 =o (2x + 10) + (4xo– 3) o
Substitute angle measures.
145 = 6x + 7 Combine like terms.
138 = 6x Subtract 7 from each side.
23 = x Divide each side by 6.
EXAMPLE 3 Find angle measures

STEP 2

Evaluate the given expressions when x = 23.

m LKM = (2x + 10)° = (2 23 + 10)° = 56°

m MKN = (4x – 3)° = (4 23 – 3)° = 89°

ANSWER So, m LKM = 56° and m MKN = 89°.

 GUIDED PRACTICE
for Example 3
Find the indicated angle measures.

3. Given that KLM is a straight angle, find m KLN and m NLM.

ANSWER 125°, 55°

 GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 3
4. Given that EFG is a right angle, find m EFH and m HFG.

ANSWER 60°, 30°

Weeks 1 and 2 Tasks
Answer the following:
Exercise 1.1
Exercise 1.2
Due on Friday, Oct.16, 2020.

Advance reading on:

Adjacent and Complementary Angles,
Supplementary Angles and
Linear Pairs
Groupings
• 5 groups with a mix of male/female
members
• A leader and assistant leader will be
designated for each group.
• Leader and assistant leader will have to
identify their own members.
• Submit the final list in the google
classroom, within the day.