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Animal Respiration Systems

This document discusses the respiratory organs of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. It explains that fish have gills for respiration that use a countercurrent mechanism to facilitate gas exchange. Lungs in other vertebrates have thin walls and a large surface area for gas exchange between air and blood. The document traces the evolution of lungs from swim bladders in fish and describes how different groups ventilate their lungs, either using positive or negative pressure and various muscle movements. Birds have particularly efficient lung ventilation optimized for flight with unidirectional airflow in the lungs.

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110 views18 pages

Animal Respiration Systems

This document discusses the respiratory organs of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. It explains that fish have gills for respiration that use a countercurrent mechanism to facilitate gas exchange. Lungs in other vertebrates have thin walls and a large surface area for gas exchange between air and blood. The document traces the evolution of lungs from swim bladders in fish and describes how different groups ventilate their lungs, either using positive or negative pressure and various muscle movements. Birds have particularly efficient lung ventilation optimized for flight with unidirectional airflow in the lungs.

Uploaded by

danish
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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Presented By Anam Shahzadi

Presented To Prof.Zarafshan
Course Code ZOL-404
Course Title Animal Form & Function-11
Government College University Faisalabad
TOPIC
GILLS ,LUNGS AND
LUNG VENTILATION
GILLS
• Respiratory Organs
• Have Moist And Thin Layer Of Epidermis To Permits Gas Exchange
• Larva Form Of Few Fihses And Amphibians Have External Gills
• Adult Fishes Have Internal Gills

Counter Current Mechanism


BLOOD CONTAIN High Carbon Dioxide Concentration
Water Contain High Oxygen Concentration
Water And Blood Move Opposite Direction In Either Side Of Lamellar Epithelium
CONTINUE
• Diffusion Occur
• Water Passes Near The Blood
• Oxygen Moves Towards Blood And Carbon Dioxide Moves Towards Water And Exchange
Gas
LUNGS
• Internal Sac-shaped Respiratory Organ
• Lungs Contain One Or More Internal Blind Pouches Into Which Air Is Down Or Forced
• The Respiratory Epithelium Of Lungs Is Thin,well Vascular And Divided Into A Large
Number Of Small Units Which Increase The Surface Are For Gaseous Exchange Between
Water And Blood

In Birds
Im Birds,lungs Contain One Way Pass-through System
For Example,mammals Absord 25% Oxygen And Birds Absord 90% Oxygen From Air
Evolution Of Vertebrate Lungs
• Associate With Swim Bladder
• Swim Bladder Is An Air Sac Located In Dorsal Of Digestive Tract In The Body Of
Modern Fishes
• Both Lungs And Swim Bladder Evolved From Lunglike Structure Present In Primitive
Fishes Which Were Ancestors Of Both Present Day Fishes And Tetrapods
• These Ancestral Fishes Have Ventral Sac Attached To Pharynx.This Sac May Have Served
As Supplementary Gas Exchange Organ
• Further Evolution
• Bind Sac Proceeded In Two Different Directions
• One Adaptation In Modern Bony Fishes Where Swim Bladder Lies Dorsal To The
Digestive Tract
• The Other Adaptation Is In The Form Of Lungs Which Are Ventral To The Digestive Tract
LUNG VENTILATION
• Ventilation
• Air Moves Into And Out Of The Lungs
• Carbon Dioxide Moves Into Lungs From Pulmonary Capillaries
• Oxygen Diffuse Into Pulmonary Capillaries From Alveoli
• In Systematic Capillaries Oxygen And Carbon Dioxide Diffuse Between
Interstitial Fluid And Body Cells.
In Amphibians And Reptiles
Some Amphibians And Reptiles Use Positive Pumping Pressure To Move Air Into Lungs

In Reptiles,birds And Mammals


Negative Pressure System And They Inhale By Suction.
In Amphibians Mouth And Pharynx Muscles Create A Positive Pumping Pressure To
Move Air Into Lungs.

In Reptiles
Most Reptiles Like ( Lizards,snakes) Expand The Body Cavity With A Posterior
Movement Of The Ribs To Ventilate The Lungs. This Expansion Decrease Pressure In
The Lungs And Draws Air Into Lungs. Elastic Recoil Of The Lungs And Movement Of
Ribs And Body Wall Which Compress The Lungs Expel Air.
In Turtles
The Ribs Of The Turtles Are The Part Of The Shell Thus The Movement Of The Body Wall
Is Impossible.
Turtles Exhale By Contracting Muscles That Force The Viscera Upward Compressing The
Lungs .They Inhale By Contracting Muscles That Increase The Volume Of The Visceral
Cavity Creating Negative Pressure To Draw Air Into Lungs.
IN BIRD
Because Of High Metabolic Rates Associated With Flight
.Birds Have A Greater Rate Of Oxygen Consumption Than Any Other Vertebrates
Use Negative Pressure To Move Air In And Out Of Lungs
Birds Have Special Ventilation Mechanism That Permits One-way Flow Over Glass
Exchange Surface
Efficient Respiratory System
Lungs Have Tunnel-like Passages Called Parabronchi Which Leads To Air Capillaries In
Which Gas Exchange Occurs
This Arrangement And Functioning System Of Air Sac Make One-way Flow Possible

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