Lec 3
Musculoskeletal System
The musculoskeletal system
forms the framework that holds
the body together, enables it to
move, protects and supports all
the internal organs.
This system includes bones,
cartilage, joints, ligaments
and muscles.
This body system has important functions
which are:
• Bones act as the framework of the body.
• Bones support and protect the internal organs.
• Joints work in conjunction with muscles, ligaments, and
tendons, making possible the wide variety of body
movements.
• Calcium, which is required for normal nerve and
muscle function, is stored in bones.
• Red bone marrow, which has an important function in the
formation of blood cells
Bones
•Composed of osseous tissue
•Consists of a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves
•Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells
•Osteoclasts are responsible for reabsorbing dead bone
tissue
•Bone cells are called osteocytes
A mature adult has 206 bones that work together with joints and muscles to
move the various parts of the body.
Ossification
The development of osteocytes and the hardening process is
called ossification.
Ossification depends on:
calcium
vitamin D
phosphorus
Body skeleton
The Tissues of Bone
Periosteum is the tough, fibrous tissue that forms the
outermost covering of bone (peri means surrounding,
oste means bone, and -um is a noun ending).
Compact bone is the dense, hard, and very strong
bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones.
Spongy bone is lighter, and not as strong, as compact
bone. This type of bone is commonly found in the
ends and inner portions of long bones such as the
femur. Red bone marrow is located within this spongy
bone.
The endosteum is the tissue that lines the medullary
cavity (end- means within, oste means bone, and -um
is a noun ending).
The medullary cavity contains bone marrow.
Types of Bone:
1- Long bones: form the extremities of the body( e.g. legs
and arms).
The longest portion of a long bone is called the shaft.
2. Short bones: are the small, cube-shaped bones of the
wrists, ankles, and toes.
3. Flat bones: generally have large, somewhat flat
surfaces that cover organs .The shoulder blades, pelvis,
and skull include flat bones.
4. Irregular bones :The bones of the ears, vertebrae,
and face are irregular bones.
Bone Marrow
Red bone marrow, which is located within the
spongy bone, is hemopoietic tissue that manufactures
red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and
thrombocytes.
Is found in the medullary cavity of flat bones and also
long bones
Yellow bone marrow, which functions as a fat storage
area,is composed chiefly of fat cells and is located in
the medullary cavity in the shaft of long bones
Is aid in fat storage and may transform into red bone
marrow in life threatening condition to produce red
blood cells
Joints,ligaments,tendons
Joints are points where bones connect. Movement
takes place at the joints using the muscles, ligaments,
and tendons.
ligaments are bands of fibrous tissue that connect
bones to other bones.
Tendons are bands of fibrous tissue that connect
muscles to bone.
Examples of joints
Cartilage
A specialized type of dense connective tissue.
Consist of collagen fibers in a gelatinous substance which
allows for flexibility.
Cartilage cells called chondrocytes.
Functions:
Supports and shapes various body parts as the ear canal
and intervertebral disks.
Act like cushions and absorbs shock.
Muscles
Functions: Make body movement possible, move
body fluids, and produce body heat.
Structure :
Muscles are composed of individual cells, often referred
to as fibers because they are so long and threadlike.
These cells are held together in bundles by connective
tissue .
Covering each muscle is a sheath of connective tissue or
fascia. These supporting tissues then attached to the
tendon that attaches the muscle to a bone.
Types:
1- Skeletal muscles: They are striated, voluntary
muscles. They are attached to the bones and make body
motions possible.
2- Smooth Muscles: They are unstriated, involuntary
muscles. They are located in the walls of internal
organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and
ducts leading from glands. Their function is to move
and control the flow of fluids through these structures.
3- Myocardial muscles : They form the muscular walls of the
heart. Myocardial muscle is like striated skeletal muscle in
appearance, but is similar to smooth muscle in that its action is
involuntary. It is the constant contraction and relaxation of the
myocardial muscle that causes the heartbeat.
Terms related to Diagnosis and procedures
Orthopedist: physician who examines, diagnose and
treats disorders of the musculoskeletal system.
Radiograph, also known as an x-ray, is the use of x-
radiation to visualize bone fractures and other
abnormalities
Arthrography: radiography of the joint.
Arthroscopy is the visual examination of the internal
structure of a joint (arthr/o means joint, and -scopy
means visual examination) using an arthroscope.
Symptoms and abnormalities and pathological
terms
Fracture: A break especially in a bone.
Strain: injury to a muscle or to the attachment of a
tendon, as a result of improper use or overuse.
Dislocation: Is the total displacement of a bone from
its joint
Subluxation:Is the partial displacement of a bone
from its joint.
Hypertrophy: Abnormal increase in size (muscles).
Ostealgia, also known as osteodynia, mean pain in a
bone (oste means bone,and -algia means pain).
Osteitis also spelled ostitis, is an inflammation of bone
(oste means bone, and –it is means inflammation).
Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of the bone marrow
and adjacent bone (oste/o means bone, myel means
bone marrow, and-itis means inflammation).
Myalgia also known as myodynia, is pain in the
muscles
A spasm is a sudden, violent, involuntary contraction
of one or more muscles
A contracture is the permanent tightening of fascia,
muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when
normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with
nonelastic fibrous tissues.
Osteonecrosis is the death of bone tissue due to a
lack of insufficient blood supply. (oste/o means bone,
and -necrosis means tissue death).
Osteoporosis is a marked loss of bone density and an
increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated
with aging (oste/o means bone, por means small
opening, and -osis means abnormal condition or
disease).
Ankylosis is the loss, or absence, of mobility in a joint
due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure
Periostitis is an inflammation of the periosteum
Arthroplasty, means the surgical repair of a damaged
joint(arthr/o means joint, and -plasty means surgical
repair).
Chondroplasty, is the surgical repair of damaged
cartilage (chondr/o means cartilage, and -plasty
means surgical repair).
Osteoplasty, is the surgical repair of a bone or bones
(oste/o means bone, and –plasty means surgical
repair).
Pharmacological terms
Analgesic: Agent that relieves pain.
Muscle relaxant: Agent that relieves muscle stiffness.
Anti-inflammatory: Agents that reduces inflammation.
Thank you
