NICKEL BASED
SUPERALLOYS
Done By-
21M211 – Ganesh
Kishore A
21M213 – Harikrishna VB
21M220 –
Karthikeyan C
21M251 –
Someshwar S
CONTENTS
Introduction
Phases
Composition
Phases
Strength VS temperature
Properties and applications
SUPERALLOY
A Superalloy is a metallic alloy which can be used at high
temperatures, often in excess of 0.7 of the absolute melting
temperature. Creep and oxidation resistance are the prime design
criteria.
Superalloys can be based on iron, cobalt or nickel , the latter
being best suited for aeroengine applications.
Superalloys have made much of very-high-temperature engineering
technology possible.
Examples of such alloys are Hastelloy
Inconel, Wasp alloy, Rene alloys, TMS
alloys, and CMSX single crystal alloys.
The primary application for such alloys is
in aerospace and marine turbine engines
Superalloys have made much of very-high-
temperature engineering technology
possible.
It has a primitive cubic lattice in which
the nickel atoms are at the face-centres
and the aluminium or titanium atoms at
the cube corners.
This atomic arrangement has the
chemical formula Ni3Al, Ni3Ti or
Ni3(Al,Ti). In addition to aluminium and
titanium, niobium, hafnium and tantalum
partition preferentially into it.
The small misfit between the two-phase
lattices is important for two reasons.
Firstly, when combined with the
orientation relationship, it ensures a low
interfacial energy.
The ordinary mechanism of precipitate
coarsening is driven entirely by the
minimization of total interfacial energy.
A coherent or semi-coherent interface
therefore makes the micro-structure stable,
a property which is useful for elevated
temperature applications.
NI-BASED SUPERALLOY COMPOSITION
Element Composition Purpose
range
(weight %)
Ni, Fe, Co 50-70% Ni forms γ' (Ni3Al) and Fe and Co have higher melting points
Cr 5-20% Cr is necessary for oxidation and corrosion resistance
Al 0.5-6% Al is the main γ' former and also forms a protective oxide Al 2O3
Ti 1-4% Ti forms γ'
C 0.05-0.2% MC and M23C6 (M = metal) carbides are the strengthening phase in the
absence of γ'.
B,Zr 0-0.1% Boron and zirconium provide strength to grain boundaries
Nb 0-5% Nb can form γ'', a strengthening phase at lower (below 700 °C)
temperatures.
Re, W, Hf, Mo, 1-10% Refractory metals, added in small amounts for solid solution strengthening
Ta and carbide formation
PHASES OF NI-BASED SUPERALLOYS
Gamma (γ)
Gamma prime (γ’)
Gamma double prime (γ")
Carbide phases
Topologically close-packed (TCP)
phases
TYPICAL NI-BASED SUPERALLOYS
• Nimonic 115:
Ni - 14.5%, Cr - 13.3%, Co - 3.8%, Ti - 5.0%, Al - 3.3%,
Mo - 0.15%, C - 0.05%, Zr - 0.016%
• MAR M200:
Ni - 9%, Cr - 10%, Co - 1.5%, Ti - 5.5%, Al - 0.15%,
C - 0.05%, Zr - 0.015% B - 10%, W - 2.5%, Ta - 1.5%
TYPICAL NI-BASED SUPERALLOY
• MAR-M 247LC:
The cast MAR-M 247LC had irregular, very coarse grains with widths near
700 μm and lengths near 800 to 12,000 μm. The grains were often longer in
the direction of primary dendrite growth.
PHASE DIAGRAM FOR NITRONIC 263
PHASE DIAGRAM FOR MAR – M200
STRENGTH VS TEMPERATURE
The strength of most metals decreases as the temperature is increased,
simply because assistance from thermal activation makes it easier for
dislocations to surmount obstacles.
However, nickel based superalloys contain essentially an inter-metallic
compound based on the formula Ni3(Al , Ti) ,are particularly resistant to
temperature.
It is the presence of the two-phases which is responsible for the fact that the
strength of nickel based superalloys is relatively insensitive to temperature.
STRENGTH VS TEMPERATURE
STRENGTH VS TEMPERATURE
• The strength of nickel-based superalloys is primarily due to the presence of
strengthening elements such as chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum, which
form complex intermetallic phases and increase the strength of the material.
• The strength of nickel-based superalloys typically decreases with increasing
temperature, but they can still maintain significant strength at very high
temperatures.
PROPERTIES OF NI-BASED SUPERALLOYS
Excellent Creep Strength
Heat resistant at high
temperature (760-980 C)
Good Oxidation Resistance
Good Corrosion Resistance
High Toughness and Ductility
Excellent Cryogenic
temperature properties
APPLICATIONS OF NICKEL BASED
SUPERALLOYS
Turbine Blades
Turbine Discs
Turbochargers
Melt Processing
Casting of Blades
Used in several components of extrusion and forging machines,
especially tools for forging and deep drawing
REFERENCES
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/nickel-based-superalloys
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299553494_NI_BASED_SUPERALLOY_
CASTING_TECHNOLOGY_METALLURGY_DEVELOPMENT_PROPERTIES_A
ND_APPLICATIONS
Superalloy – Wikipedia
Working with nickel-based superalloys – here’s what you need to know (corrotherm.c
o.uk)
