Session 10:
Training for surgeons
surgeon (n)
What does a surgeon do?
Where does a surgeon
work?
Is the job stressful?
How many methods of
surgery do you know?
Have you ever heard of
“minimally invasive
surgery”?
Do you think that it is
difficult for surgeons to
keep up with modern
surgical techniques? Give
reasons.
How do you keep up to
date?
• New vocabulary
1. Surgery (n) /ˈsɜːrdʒəri/: medical treatment of injuries or
diseases that involves cutting open a person’s body and often
removing or replacing some parts; the branch of medicine
connected with this treatment
major/minor surgery
to undergo heart/knee/shoulder surgery
He will require surgery on his left knee.
The doctor had to perform emergency surgery to the patient's
head.
2. Surgeon (n) /ˈsɜːrdʒən/: a doctor who is trained to perform
surgery
a brain/heart surgeon
Surgeons performed two operations on him yesterday
3. Minimally invasive surgery (n): refers to any surgical
procedure that is performed through tiny incisions instead of a
large opening. Because your surgeon will make smaller
incisions, you will likely have a quicker recovery time and less
pain than traditional open surgery but with the same benefits as
traditional surgery. (phẫu thuật nội soi)
4. train (v) /treɪn/: tập huấn, đào tạo
=> training (n): sự tập huấn => trainer (n): người tập huấn
=> trainee (n): người dự tập huấn => Trainee surgeon (n)
5. evaluate (v) /ɪˈvæljueɪt/: to form an opinion of the amount,
value or quality of something after thinking about it carefully
(đánh giá)
6. emerge (v) /ɪˈmɜːrdʒ/: to start to exist; to appear or become
known
=> emergence (n) /ɪˈmɜːrdʒəns/
7. operating theatre (n): phòng mổ
5. research (n): a careful study of a subject, especially in order to
discover new facts or information about it
scientific/medical/academic research
They are raising money for cancer research.
to do/conduct/undertake research
I've done some research to find out the cheapest way of
travelling there.
6. researcher (n): nhà nghiên cứu
7) a state of affairs (idiom) = a situation
• This state of affairs can no longer be ignored.
8) realistic (adj) /ˌriːəˈlɪstɪk/: accepting in a sensible way what it
is actually possible to do or achieve in a particular situation
a realistic assessment/approach/view
realistic about something
We have to be realistic about our chances of winning.
9) As a result (adv): Và kết quả là, ...
10) objective (adj) /əbˈdʒektɪv/ : not influenced by personal
feelings or opinions; considering only facts (khách quan)
an objective assessment of the situation
objective truth/facts/reality
objective criteria/measures/measurements
11) subjective (adj) /səbˈdʒektɪv/: based on your own ideas or
opinions rather than facts and therefore sometimes unfair
• a highly subjective point of view
• Everyone's opinion is bound to be subjective. (chủ quan)
12. benchmark (n) /ˈbentʃmɑːrk/: something that can be
measured and used as a standard that other things can be
compared with
Tests at the age of seven provide a benchmark against which
the child's progress at school can be measured.
13. considerable advantages (n): những ưu điểm lớn
14. drawback (n) = disadvantage (n): nhược điểm
15. relate to (v): liên quan tới
16. delivered in a rather unstructured manner: được chuyền tải
theo hướng khá lộn xộn
17. Broadly speaking (adv): nhìn chung
box trainer (n)
18. enclosed rectangular box (n): hộp chữ nhật
khép kín (trainer box)
19. virtual reality trainer (n) : tập huấn thực tế ảo
(VR)
20. employ computer simulation (n): sử dụng
mô phỏng máy tính
21. “VR” trainer in surgery lacks realism. (thiếu
tính thực tế)
22. tactile (adj) /ˈtæktl/: connected with the sense
of touch; using your sense of touch
23. Users feel no tactile response.
24. manipulate (v) /məˈnɪpjuleɪt/: to control, use or
change something with skill
Computers are very efficient at manipulating
information.
25. accomplish (v) /əˈkɑːmplɪʃ/: to succeed in
doing or completing something (achieve)
• The first part of the plan has been safely
accomplished.
• I don't feel I've accomplished very much
today.
• That's it. Mission accomplished (= we have
done what we aimed to do).
The TrEndo tracking device
(Motion analysis in minimally invasive surgery)
26. incorporate (v) /ɪnˈkɔːrpəreɪt/: to include something
so that it forms a part of something
incorporate something
The new car design incorporates all the latest safety
features.
incorporate something in/into/within something
We have incorporated all the latest safety features
into the design.
Many of your suggestions have been incorporated in
the plan.
27. sensor (n): cảm biến
Some reading techniques
• Step 1: Skim read
• Step 2: Read questions and
underline key words
• Step 3: Scan read
• Step 4: Read carefully for details
• Step 5: Give answer and check
• Step 1
• Skim = read quickly to get the general
idea (3 mins)
• How can we read quickly the whole
passage?
• => Read the first and last sentences of
each paragraph
• => Because the main idea is usually in
the first and last sentences of each
paragraph.
• Step 2
• Read questions and identify key
words
• Key words are:
• 1) Nouns / Verbs / Adjectives
• 2) Personal names
• 3) Places
• 4) Time / Number / Years
• Step 3
• Scan = read slowly for specific
details
• When scanning, pay attention to
“synonyms”, “paraphrases” of the
key words you have identified.
• Step 4
• Read carefully for details
• After finding the key words, or
synonyms, paraphrases of key words
=> read those sentences carefully
• Step 5
• Answer & Check
• Advice
• + Don't spend too much time on any
question
• + In case you run out of time, try to
give all the answers
New training method helps surgeons evaluate their own
mininally invasive surgery skills.
Recent years have seen the rapid emergence of mininally
invasive surgery procedures in operating theaters.However,
the training of surgeons in this field still leaves much to be
desired.
Researcher Magdalena Chmarra has changed this state of
affairs by developing a realistic training system which records
and analyses the surgeon's movement. As a result, there is
now, for the first time, an objective benchmark for measuring a
surgeon's basic skills in the field of minimally invasive surgery.
Chmarra will receive her PhD for this research at Delft
University of Technology in The Netherlands on Monday 12
January.
Despite its considerable advantages, the relatively recent
technique of mininally invasive surgery still has a number of
drawbacks. One such disadvantage relates to the training of
surgeons, which is still, for the most part, delivered in a rather
unstructured manner and, moreover, without any objective
benchmark with which to measure the progress made by trainee
surgeons.
Training
Broadly speaking, there are currently two safe training methods for
minimally invasive surgery. The first is the so-called box trainer, an
enclosed rectangular box in which trainee surgeons can practice
performing basic manipulative tasks with the surgical devices,
such as picking up and moving objects. As they do this, they can
be assessed by an experienced surgeon. Clearly, this is a
somewhat subjective process.
The other option is the virtual reality trainer, employing computer
simulations, which allows for excellent recording and analysis of
the surgeon's actions. However, this training method still has the
major disadvantage that it lacks realism. For example, users feel
no tactile response when performing surgical tasks.
TrEndo
Thus both of these training methods have their drawbacks. The
Delft doctoral candidate Magdalena Chmarra has sought to
change this situation by developing a training tool that is realistic
for the surgeon and at the same time records and analyses the
motion of the intruments manipulated by the surgeon. This is
accomplished with an inexpensive and relatively simple tracking
device known as the “TrEndo”. A TrEndo incorporates three
optical computer-mouse sensors which record the movements
made by the surgeons in all directions.
1. Underline the phrases in the text which you
can replace with the following:
1. do not have any sensation of touch
2. a standard
3. not an objective appraisal
4. it is not practical
5. has had an impact on current procedures
6. is not wholly effective
7. is inadequate
1. do not have any sensation of touch
“The other option is the virtual reality
trainer, employing computer simulations,
which allows for excellent recording and
analysis of the surgeon's actions.
However, this training method still has the
major disadvantage that it lacks realism.
For example, users feel no tactile
response when performing surgical tasks.”
1. do not have any sensation of touch
“The other option is the virtual reality
trainer, employing computer simulations,
which allows for excellent recording and
analysis of the surgeon's actions.
However, this training method still has the
major disadvantage that it lacks realism.
For example, users feel no tactile
response when performing surgical tasks.”
2. a standard
“Researcher Magdalena Chmarra has changed
this state of affairs by developing a realistic
training system which records and analyses the
surgeon's movement. As a result, there is now,
for the first time, an objective benchmark for
measuring a surgeon's basic skills in the field of
minimally invasive surgery. Chmarra will receive
her PhD for this research at Delft University of
Technology in The Netherlands on Monday 12
January.”
2. a standard
“Researcher Magdalena Chmarra has changed
this state of affairs by developing a realistic
training system which records and analyses the
surgeon's movement. As a result, there is now,
for the first time, an objective benchmark for
measuring a surgeon's basic skills in the field of
minimally invasive surgery. Chmarra will receive
her PhD for this research at Delft University of
Technology in The Netherlands on Monday 12
January.”
3. not an objective appraisal
“Broadly speaking, there are currently two safe
training methods for minimally invasive surgery.
The first is the so-called box trainer, an enclosed
rectangular box in which trainee surgeons can
practice performing basic manipulative tasks
with the surgical devices, such as picking up
and moving objects. As they do this, they can be
assessed by an experienced surgeon. Clearly,
this is a somewhat subjective process.”
3. not an objective appraisal
“Broadly speaking, there are currently two safe
training methods for minimally invasive surgery.
The first is the so-called box trainer, an enclosed
rectangular box in which trainee surgeons can
practice performing basic manipulative tasks
with the surgical devices, such as picking up
and moving objects. As they do this, they can be
assessed by an experienced surgeon. Clearly,
this is a somewhat subjective process.”
4. it is not practical
“The other option is the virtual reality trainer,
employing computer simulations, which allows
for excellent recording and analysis of the
surgeon's actions. However, this training
method still has the major disadvantage that it
lacks realism. For example, users feel no tactile
response when performing surgical tasks.”
4. it is not practical
“The other option is the virtual reality trainer,
employing computer simulations, which allows
for excellent recording and analysis of the
surgeon's actions. However, this training
method still has the major disadvantage that it
lacks realism. For example, users feel no tactile
response when performing surgical tasks.”
5. has had an impact on current procedures
“Researcher Magdalena Chmarra has changed
this state of affairs by developing a realistic
training system which records and analyses the
surgeon's movement. As a result, there is now,
for the first time, an objective benchmark for
measuring a surgeon's basic skills in the field of
minimally invasive surgery. Chmarra will receive
her PhD for this research at Delft University of
Technology in The Netherlands on Monday 12
January.”
5. has had an impact on current procedures
“Researcher Magdalena Chmarra has changed
this state of affairs by developing a realistic
training system which records and analyses the
surgeon's movement. As a result, there is now,
for the first time, an objective benchmark for
measuring a surgeon's basic skills in the field of
minimally invasive surgery. Chmarra will receive
her PhD for this research at Delft University of
Technology in The Netherlands on Monday 12
January.”
6. is not wholly effective
“Despite its considerable advantages, the
relatively recent technique of mininally invasive
surgery still has a number of drawbacks. One
such disadvantage relates to the training of
surgeons, which is still, for the most part,
delivered in a rather unstructured manner and,
moreover, without any objective benchmark with
which to measure the progress made by trainee
surgeons.”
6. is not wholly effective
“Despite its considerable advantages, the
relatively recent technique of mininally invasive
surgery still has a number of drawbacks. One
such disadvantage relates to the training of
surgeons, which is still, for the most part,
delivered in a rather unstructured manner and,
moreover, without any objective benchmark with
which to measure the progress made by trainee
surgeons.”
7. is inadequate (Not enough)
“Recent years have seen the rapid
emergence of mininally invasive surgery
procedures in operating
theaters.However, the training of surgeons
in this field still leaves much to be
desired.”
7. is inadequate
“Recent years have seen the rapid
emergence of mininally invasive surgery
procedures in operating
theaters.However, the training of surgeons
in this field still leaves much to be
desired.”
1. What has happened swiftly in the
recent past ?
“Recent years have seen the rapid
emergence of mininally invasive surgery
procedures in operating
theaters.However, the training of surgeons
in this field still leaves much to be
desired.”
2. Which downsides of Chmarra’s training
system are mentioned?
“Despite its considerable advantages, the
relatively recent technique of mininally invasive
surgery still has a number of drawbacks. One
such disadvantage relates to the training of
surgeons, which is still, for the most part,
delivered in a rather unstructured manner and,
moreover, without any objective benchmark
with which to measure the progress made by
trainee surgeons.”
3. How many training methods are used for minimally invasive
surgery? What are they?
Training
Broadly speaking, there are currently two safe training methods for
minimally invasive surgery. The first is the so-called box trainer, an
enclosed rectangular box in which trainee surgeons can practice
performing basic manipulative tasks with the surgical devices, such
as picking up and moving objects. As they do this, they can be
assessed by an experienced surgeon. Clearly, this is a somewhat
subjective process.
The other option is the virtual reality trainer, employing computer
simulations, which allows for excellent recording and analysis of the
surgeon's actions. However, this training method still has the major
disadvantage that it lacks realism. For example, users feel no tactile
response when performing surgical tasks.
4) What criticisms are voiced of the training methods?
Training
Broadly speaking, there are currently two safe training methods
for minimally invasive surgery. The first is the so-called box
trainer, an enclosed rectangular box in which trainee surgeons
can practice performing basic manipulative tasks with the surgical
devices, such as picking up and moving objects. As they do this,
they can be assessed by an experienced surgeon. Clearly, this is
a somewhat subjective process.
The other option is the virtual reality trainer, employing computer
simulations, which allows for excellent recording and analysis of
the surgeon's actions. However, this training method still has the
major disadvantage that it lacks realism. For example, users feel
no tactile response when performing surgical tasks.
5. Does Chmarra’s device work?
TrEndo
Thus both of these training methods have their drawbacks.
The Delft doctoral candidate Magdalena Chmarra has
sought to change this situation by developing a training tool
that is realistic for the surgeon and at the same time records
and analyses the motion of the intruments manipulated by
the surgeon. This is accomplished with an inexpensive and
relatively simple tracking device known as the “TrEndo”. A
TrEndo incorporates three optical computer-mouse sensors
which record the movements made by the surgeons in all
directions.
1. What has happened swiftly in the recent past ?
=> The rapid emergency of minimally invasive surgery
procedures in operating theatres.
2. Which downsides of Chmarra’s training system are
mentioned
=> The unstructured training of surgeons and lack of any
objective benchmark to measure trainee progress.
3. How many training methods are used for minimally
invasive surgery? What are they?
=> Two: the so-called box trainer and the virtual reality
trainer
4. What criticisms are voiced of the training
methods?
=> Subjective, lack of realism, and no tactile
response
5. Does Chmarra’s device work?
=> Yes, it does.
• How do you prefer to learn new
techniques and procedures, surgical or
otherwise? Give examples?
