PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College
CHAPTER
13
The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity: Part B
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The Eye and Vision 70% of all sensory receptors are in the eye Nearly half of the cerebral cortex is involved in processing visual information! Most of the eye is protected by a cushion of fat and the bony orbit
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Accessory Structures of the Eye Protect the eye and aid eye function
Eyebrows Eyelids (palpebrae) Conjunctiva
Lacrimal apparatus
Extrinsic eye muscles
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Eyebrow Eyelid Eyelashes Site where conjunctiva merges with cornea Palpebral fissure Lateral commissure Iris Eyelid
Sclera Lacrimal (covered by caruncle conjunctiva) (a) Surface anatomy of the right eye
Pupil
Medial commissure
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Figure 13.2a
Eyebrows Overlie the supraorbital margins Function in
Shading the eye Preventing perspiration from reaching the eye
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Eyelids Protect the eye anteriorly Palpebral fissureseparates eyelids Lacrimal caruncleelevation at medial commissure; contains oil and sweat glands
Whitish, oily secretion
Tarsal platesinternal supporting connective tissue sheet - anchor orbicularis oculi & levator palpebrae superioris
Levator palpebrae superiorisgives the upper eyelid mobility blink @ 3-7 seconds
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Eyelids Eyelashes
Nerve endings of hair follicles initiate reflex blinking
Lubricating glands associated with the eyelids
Tarsal (Meibomian) glands oily, lubricates, prevents
sticking
Sebaceous glands associated with follicles
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Conjunctiva Transparent mucous membrane
Palpebral conjunctiva lines the eyelids Conjunctiva sac contact lens Bulbar conjunctiva covers the white of the eyes Produces a lubricating mucous secretion Blood vessels Conjunctivitis = inflammation
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Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Orbicularis oculi muscle Eyebrow Tarsal plate Palpebral conjunctiva Tarsal glands Cornea Palpebral fissure
Eyelashes Bulbar conjunctiva
Conjunctival sac Orbicularis oculi muscle (b) Lateral view; some structures shown in sagittal section
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Figure 13.2b
Lacrimal Apparatus
Lacrimal gland and ducts that connect to nasal cavity Lacrimal secretion (tears)
Dilute saline solution containing mucus, antibodies, and lysozyme Blinking spreads the tears toward the medial commissure Tears enter paired lacrimal canaliculi via the lacrimal puncta Drain into the nasolacrimal duct Emotional tears
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Lacrimal sac Lacrimal gland Excretory ducts of lacrimal glands
Lacrimal punctum Lacrimal canaliculus
Nasolacrimal duct Inferior meatus of nasal cavity Nostril
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Figure 13.3
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Six straplike extrinsic eye muscles
Very precise (small motor units 1: 8 to12)
Originate from the bony orbit
Enable the eye to follow moving objects Maintain the shape of the eyeball
Four rectus muscles originate from the common tendinous ring; names indicate the movements they promote Two oblique muscles move the eye in the vertical plane and rotate the eyeball
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Superior oblique muscle Superior oblique tendon Superior rectus muscle Lateral rectus muscle
Inferior rectus Inferior oblique muscle muscle (a) Lateral view of the right eye
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Figure 13.4a
NOSE
Trochlea Superior oblique muscle Superior oblique tendon Superior rectus muscle
Axis at center of eye Inferior rectus muscle Medial rectus muscle Lateral rectus muscle Common tendinous ring
(b) Superior view of the right eye
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Figure 13.4b
Muscle Lateral rectus Medial rectus Superior rectus Inferior rectus Inferior oblique Superior oblique
Action Moves eye laterally Moves eye medially Elevates eye and turns it medially Depresses eye and turns it medially Elevates eye and turns it laterally Depresses eye and turns it laterally
Controlling cranial nerve VI (abducens) III (oculomotor) III (oculomotor) III (oculomotor) III (oculomotor) IV (trochlear)
(c) Summary of muscle actions and innervating cranial nerves
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Figure 13.4c
Structure of the Eyeball Wall of eyeball contains three layers
Fibrous
Vascular
Sensory
Internal cavity is filled with fluids called humors
The lens separates the internal cavity into anterior and posterior segments (cavities)
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Ora serrata Ciliary body Ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament) Cornea Iris Pupil Anterior pole Anterior segment (contains aqueous humor) Lens Scleral venous sinus Posterior segment (contains vitreous humor) (a) Diagrammatic view. The vitreous humor is illustrated only in the bottom part of the eyeball.
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Sclera Choroid Retina Macula lutea Fovea centralis Posterior pole Optic nerve
Central artery and vein of the retina Optic disc (blind spot)
Figure 13.5a
COMPOSED OF THREE LAYERS
Fibrous Layer
Outermost layer; dense avascular connective tissue
Two regions: sclera and cornea
1. Sclera (hard)
Opaque posterior region white of the eye
Protects and shapes eyeball Anchors extrinsic eye muscles Continuous with dura mater Collagen and elastic fibers
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Fibrous Layer 2. Cornea: avascular
Precise alignment of collagen fibers
Covered by epithelium
Transparent anterior 1/6 of fibrous layer Bends light as it enters the eye Sodium pumps of the corneal endothelium help maintain the clarity of the cornea (keep water content low) Numerous pain receptors contribute to blinking and tearing reflexes Corneal transplants lack rejection
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Vascular Layer (Uvea) Middle pigmented layer Three regions: choroid, ciliary body, and iris
1. Choroid region Posterior 5/6th portion of the vascular layer Supplies blood to all layers of the eyeball Brown pigment (melanocytes) absorbs light to prevent visual confusion (albinos)
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Vascular Layer 2. Ciliary body
Ring of tissue surrounding the lens Ciliary muscles = smooth muscle bundles control lens shape
Radiating folds = ciliary processes
Capillaries of ciliary processes secrete fluid Suspensory ligaments (ciliary zonule) from ciliary processes holds lens in position
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Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Vascular Layer
3. Iris
Most anterior of vascular layer. Flattened donut The colored part of the eye. 2 smooth muscle layers with elastic fibers Pupilcentral opening that regulates the amount of light entering the eye Close vision and bright lightsphincter papillae (circular muscles) contract; pupils constrict Distant vision and dim lightdilator papillae (radial muscles) contract; pupils dilate Changes in emotional statepupils dilate when the subject matter is appealing or requires problem-solving skills
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Parasympathetic/sympathetic control
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Ora serrata Ciliary body Ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament) Cornea Iris Pupil Anterior pole Anterior segment (contains aqueous humor) Lens Scleral venous sinus Posterior segment (contains vitreous humor) (a) Diagrammatic view. The vitreous humor is illustrated only in the bottom part of the eyeball.
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Sclera Choroid Retina Macula lutea Fovea centralis Posterior pole Optic nerve
Central artery and vein of the retina Optic disc (blind spot)
Figure 13.5a
Parasympathetic +
Sympathetic +
Sphincter pupillae muscle contraction decreases pupil size.
Iris (two muscles) Sphincter pupillae Dilator pupillae
Dilator pupillae muscle contraction increases pupil size.
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Figure 13.6
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3. Sensory Layer: Retina (Inner Layer)* Delicate two-layered membrane
A. Pigmented layer Outer layer; single-cell thick. Extends over iris Absorbs light and prevents its scattering Stores vitamin A (needed by photoreceptor cells) Phagocytic cells (remove damaged/dead photoreceptor
cells)
Next to choroid layer (vascular tunic)
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Sensory Layer: Retina (Inner Layer)
Neural tunic B. Neural layer Extends to ciliary body = ora serrata
Millions of Photoreceptor cells: transduce light energy (light energy to electical a.p.) Three main cells that transmit and process signals: photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells amacrine cells, and horizontal cells (visual processing)
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Ganglion cells
Bipolar cells
Photoreceptors Rod Cone
Pigmented layer of retina
Photoreceptor cells are RODS & CONES 130- 250K Pigmented & neural not fused retinal detachment
Horizontal cell Pathway of signal output Pigmented layer of retina Pathway of light (b) Cells of the neural layer of the retina
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Amacrine cell
Figure 13.7b
The Retina (neural layer) Ganglion cell axons
Run along the inner surface of the retina Leave the eye as the optic nerve
Optic disc (blind spot) lacks photoreceptors
Site where the optic nerve leaves the eye Blood vessels enter & leave
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Pathway of light
Neural layer of retina
Pigmented layer of retina Choroid Sclera
Optic disc
blind spot
Central artery and vein of retina Optic nerve
filling in
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(a) Posterior aspect of the eyeball
Figure 13.7a
Photoreceptors 1. Rods
More numerous than cones
More numerous at peripheral region of retina, away from the macula lutea
Operate in dim light Provide indistinct, fuzzy, non color peripheral vision
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note: convergence
Ganglion cells Bipolar cells
Photoreceptors Rod Cone
Horizontal cell Pathway of signal output Pigmented layer of retina Pathway of light (b) Cells of the neural layer of the retina
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Amacrine cell
Figure 13.7b
Photoreceptors 2. Cones
Found in the macula lutea; concentrated in the fovea centralis Operate in bright light
Provide high-acuity color vision
Macula lutea mostly cones; precisely where light is
focused; pit in its center = fovea centralis
Fovea centralis (.4mm) light passes directly to cones;
detailed color vision; 1/1000th of entire visual field; eyes flick to provide fovea with different parts of visual field
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Inner Tunic
Retina
Pigmented layer Neural layer 1. Photoreceptor cells RODS = light sensitive (dim light); grainy, black & white CONES = color vision Macula lutea = concentration of cones (no rods) Fovea = sharpest image 2. Bipolar layer
3. Ganglion cells generate action potential to the brain
Axons of 1 million ganglion cells converge on the optic disc; become optic nerve No photoreceptors here = Optic disc = blind spot
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Blood Supply to the Retina Two sources of blood supply
Choroid supplies the outer third (photoreceptors) Central artery and vein of the retina supply the inner two-thirds
Choroid of vascular layer
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Central artery and vein emerging from the optic disc Macula lutea Optic disc Retina
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Figure 13.8
Internal Chambers and Fluids The lens and suspensory ligaments (ciliary zonule) separate the anterior and posterior segments (cavities)
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Internal Chambers and Fluids
Posterior segment contains vitreous humor that:
Transmits light
Supports the posterior surface of the lens
Holds the neural retina firmly against the pigmented layer Contributes to intraocular pressure
Anterior segment is composed of two chambers
Anterior chamberbetween the cornea and the iris
Posterior chamberbetween the iris and the lens
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Ora serrata Ciliary body Ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament) Cornea Iris Pupil Anterior pole Anterior segment (contains aqueous humor) Lens Scleral venous sinus Posterior segment (contains vitreous humor) (a) Diagrammatic view. The vitreous humor is illustrated only in the bottom part of the eyeball.
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sclera Choroid Retina Macula lutea Fovea centralis Posterior pole Optic nerve
Central artery and vein of the retina Optic disc (blind spot)
Figure 13.5a
Internal Chambers and Fluids
Anterior segment contains aqueous humor
Plasma like fluid continuously filtered from capillaries of the ciliary processes Drains via the scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm) at the sclera-cornea junction Supplies nutrients and oxygen mainly to the lens and cornea but also to the retina, and removes wastes
Glaucoma: compression of the retina and optic nerve if drainage of aqueous humor is blocked
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Iris Lens epithelium Lens Cornea Corneal epithelium Corneal endothelium Aqueous humor Anterior Anterior segment chamber (contains Posterior chamber aqueous 3 humor) Scleral venous 1 Aqueous humor is sinus Cornealformed by filtration from the capillaries in scleral junction
the ciliary processes. 2 Aqueous humor flows from the posterior chamber through the pupil into the anterior chamber. Some also flows through the vitreous humor (not shown). 3 Aqueous humor is reabsorbed into the venous blood by the scleral venous sinus.
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Posterior segment (contains vitreous humor) Ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament) Ciliary body Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle
Bulbar conjunctiva Sclera
Cornea
Lens
Figure 13.9
Lens
Biconvex, transparent, flexible, elastic, and avascular Allows precise focusing of light on the retina
Cells of lens epithelium differentiate into lens fibers that form the bulk of the lens
Lens fiberscells filled with the transparent protein crystallin Lens becomes denser, more convex, and less elastic with age Cataracts (clouding of lens) occur as a consequence of aging, diabetes mellitus, heavy smoking, and frequent exposure to intense sunlight
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Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
