BASIC ENGINE PRINCIPLES

General-Purpose Tractor
Track-laying Tractor

steering lever

driving
sprocket

idler roller track rollers

track
Motorcycles
Some of the main working parts of a single cylinder
engine
cylinder head
cylinder liner

cylinder block
valves

piston gudgeon pin

tappets valve springs

little end
camshaft
connecting rod

flywheel camshaft timing gear

crankshaft
big end cap
A section through a single-cylinder engine showing
the relative position of the working parts
spark plug valve

gudgeon pin

piston
valve spring

connecting rod
tappet

flywheel camshaft

timing gears
crankshaft
Single-cylinder diesel engine
Single-cylinder gasoline engine

Air-filter
Basic engine design

rocker arm

spark plug

valve and spring

combustion chamber

piston

connecting rod

close up view of
combustion chamber
Engine layouts and terminology
60o
40o

vertical in-line: single inclined in-line: single Vee: twin, four or six, etc. at
twin, three, four or six twin, three, four or six 60O vee (this can vary)

horizontal in-line: single, horizontal opposed flat:

twin, three, etc. twin four, six, etc.
A four-cylinder engine crankshaft with connecting
rods and pistons

piston

connecting rod

flywheel

crank shaft
Four-cylinder diesel engine
The four-stroke cycle (spark-ignition) side valve
arrangement
induction stroke power stroke spark plug fires
compressed mixture
fuel/ air
exhaust
mixture enters exhaust
valve is
through inlet inlet valve valve is
closed
valve passage is closed closed

piston moves
down piston
moves down
compression stroke
exhaust stroke
exhaust
inlet valve valve is inlet valve exhaust
is closed closed is closed valve is
open
allowing
burnt gases
to escape

piston piston
moves up moves up
 Multi-cylinder engine firing orders

two-cylinder engine four-cylinder engine three-cylinder engine

firing order 1-3-4-2 or

firing order 1-2-1-2 firing order 1-2-4-3 firing order 1-2-3
3600 crankshaft rotation 1800 crankshaft rotation 2400 crankshaft rotation
between each power stroke between each power stroke between each power stroke
* for two-stroke engines the
above degrees of crankshaft six-cylinder engine
rotation would be halved

firing order 1-5-3-6-2-4 or

firing order 1-4-2-6-3-5
1200 crankshaft rotation
between each power stroke
The four-stroke cycle (Compression ignition engine)

induction stroke power stroke

injector sprays
air enters in fuel
exhaust through inlet
valve is valve passage exhaust inlet valve
closed valve is is closed
closed

piston
moves down piston is
compression stroke forced down exhaust stroke
exhaust
valve is inlet valve
inlet valve exhaust valve is closed
closed
is closed is open
allowing burnt
gases to escape

piston piston
moves up moves up
Diesel engine combustion chamber design

(a) direct injection combustion chamber (b) indirect injection combustion chamber

injector valve injector

spring
indirect
valve injection
cooling cooling water
port water valve

port glow plug

direct injection

pre-combustion
chamber

piston (with specially

shaped combustion piston (plain top)
chamber in the crown)
Glow plug circuit

glow plug 2.2 volts

(one per cylinder)
located in pre-combustion ballast indicator
chambers resistance (dash
total plug voltage 8.8 mounted for
ballast indicator 1.2 warning light)
total 10.0 volts
switch
current consumption 50 AMPS approx

battery
12 volts, 110 AMP hr
Air-cooled engine

metal
cowling

finned
cylinder

air flow

blower
A section through a tractor radiator

header tank

inlet from cylinder block

water tubes

thin metal plates

bottom tank
Water-cooling system

valve

expanding
bellows
overflow
thermometer
thermostat pipe
impeller
top hose

header tank
thermometer dial water tubes

water jacket air flow

bottom tank

bottom hose
Splash lubrication

oil dipper or scoop

oil trough oil sump

oil returning hole to trough

Force feed lubrication
rocker shaft oilway oil pressure gauge

external
oil filter

timing gears in
splash trough
oilway to
oil inlet
gudgeon
idler gear pins

oilway to main
bearings and big ends
drive gear
pressure relief valve gear pump
and strainer
oil outlet to galleries
Full flow engine oil filter

filter head filter head retaining bolt

“by-pass” valve clean filtered oil to engine bearings, etc.

which operates
when the filter
becomes blocked dirty oil in from oil pump
with dirt

rubber seal fitting face to engine block

filter bowl filter element

filter base plate

rubber seal
steel washer spring
bowl retaining bolt rubber seal ‘o’ ring
Oil bath air cleaner

pre-cleaner dome
dust injection slots
vanes to cause air swirl

1st stage
stack pipe

air outlet to carburetor

3rd stage

oil damped wire mesh filter

2nd stage oil level mark on canister

oil drip back to canister sae 20 or 30 engine oil

oil cup
Layout of the main parts of a simple carburetor

fuel mixture to engine

throttle valve or
butterfly valve
fuel inlet needle valve idling jet
from tank
vent
main jet discharge tube
venturi
fuel level
choke valve
brass float

air intake from

drain plug air cleaner
main jet
Principle of operation of the mechanical governor
throttle butterfly

throttle control rod

to hand speed control

governor weight pivoted

governor spring
drive gear stop

pivoted
pivot thrust mechanism
Layout of the fuel system on a vaporizing oil engine

vent in cap

exhaust manifold with petrol tank

hot spot to vaporize
fuel in inlet manifold

inlet tap
manifold fine gauze filter

carburetor filter
throttle valve water sediment
sediment bowl
carburetor

choke valve

three stage air cleaner

Layout of the fuel system on a diesel engine

tank filter

fuel tank injectors

inlet manifold
throttle
bleed screws control
fuel filter
tap

filter filter
filter element
sediment bowl air filter
air cleaner

fuel lift pump injection pump coupling

pump
bleed
screw
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