MODULE 2
ONLINE DISCUSSION
LET US PRAY...
Heavenly Father,
With the gifts of the Holy Spirit may we be inspired to move
into our futures with promise.
May your spirit living inside us fill us with love, forgiveness
and understanding, helping us to become more like Christ
your Son.
Grant this through Jesus our Lord.
Amen.
INTERMOLECULAR AND
INTRAMOLECULAR
FORCES OF ATTRACTION
LEARNING COMPETENCY
• Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces
(TEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-100)
VOCABULARY LIST
• Dipole – refers to a molecule that possesses a delocalized positive and negative
charge.
• Nonpolar molecules – all of the terminal atoms (or groups) are the same.
• Polar molecules – one or more terminal atoms differ from each other.
• Polarizability – refers to the ease with which the electron distribution can be
distorted.
VOCABULARY LIST
• Instantaneous dipole –is created by chance for example electrons
are moving around helium or neon atom in symmetry but by chance
at any instance its electrons are moved at one place creating an
electropositive charge at one end and electronegative at another.
• Induced dipole – refers to the dipole moment created in a nonpolar
compound due to the effect of an ion nearby.
VOCABULARY LIST
• Coulomb’s law – the larger the dipole moment, the stronger the
attraction.
• Permanent dipole – refers to the dipole moment that originally
occurs in a compound due to uneven electron distribution.
There are two kinds of forces, or attractions, that operate in a
molecule—intramolecular and intermolecular
• Exactly the same situation exists in molecules. Just imagine the
towels to be real atoms, such as hydrogen and chlorine. These two
atoms are bound to each other through a polar covalent bond—
analogous to the thread.
• Each hydrogen chloride molecule in turn is bonded to the
neighboring hydrogen chloride molecule through a dipole-dipole
attraction—analogous to Velcro.
• The polar covalent bond is much stronger in strength than the
dipole-dipole interaction. The former is termed an intramolecular
attraction while the latter is termed an intermolecular attraction.
So now we can define the two forces:
Intramolecular forces are the forces that hold
atoms together within a molecule.
Intermolecular forces are forces that exist
between molecules.
INTRAMOLECULAR
FORCES
Intramolecular forces are the forces that hold atoms
together within a molecule.
Types of intramolecular forces of
attraction
• Ionic bond: This bond is formed by the complete transfer of valence
electron(s) between atoms. It is a type of chemical bond that generates
two oppositely charged ions.
• Covalent bond: This bond is formed between atoms that
have similar electronegativities—the affinity or desire for
electrons.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
• Attractive forces that act between molecules or particles
in the solid or liquid states.
• Generally, these attractive forces are much weaker than
bonding force
• The strength of intermolecular forces of attraction is
dependent on the arrangement of the particles, the
proximity of particles relative to one another and the
nature of the interacting particles.
EXAMPLE
• The intermolecular
forces of attraction
directly affect is
melting point and heat
of fusion.
TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
• London Dispersion Forces
• Dipole-dipole forces
• Hydrogen bond
• Ion-dipole
LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
• these forces of attraction result from temporary dipole moments induced in ordinarily
nonpolar molecules
• these forces are present between all types of molecules due to the movement of electrons.
• as electrons move around the nucleus, an uneven distribution causes momentary charge
separations
• slightly positive sides of a molecule are attracted to the slightly negative sides of the
adjacent molecule
• the extent to which a dipole moment can be induced in a molecule is called its
polarizability.
LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
• the larger the number of electrons and the
larger or more diffused the electron cloud in
the atom or molecule, the greater its
polarizability.
• the weakest of intermolecular forces that can
exist between two molecules, but the larger the
atoms present, the stronger the dispersion
forces.
LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
DIPOLE - DIPOLE FORCES
• Attractive forces between polar molecules (molecules that
possess dipole moments).
• In polar molecules the electrons are unevenly distributed
because some elements are more electronegative than others.
• The partial negative side of one molecule is attracted to the
partial positive side of another molecule.
DIPOLE - DIPOLE FORCES
• This type of force is stronger than the dispersion
forces because polar molecules have a permanent
uneven distribution of electrons.
• The nature of attraction is electrostatic and can be
understood in terms of Coulomb’s law: The larger
the dipole moment, the stronger the attraction.
HYDROGEN BOND
• A special type of dipole-dipole interaction between the hydrogen
atom in a polar bond, such as N‒H, O‒H, or F‒H, and an
electronegative O, N, or F atom.
• Hydrogen bonds between water molecules are particularly strong.
HYDROGEN BOND
HYDROGEN BOND
• Examples of hydrogen bonding in
water (H2O), ammonia (NH3) and
hydrogen fluoride (HF).
• The solid lines represent covalent
bonds;
• the red dotted lines represent hydrogen
bonds
ION-DIPOLE
• A kind of attractive force that occur between an ion and a polar molecule.
• An ion is an atom or group of atoms that holds an electrical charge, while a dipole refers
to a molecule that possesses a delocalized positive and negative charge.
• Ion-dipole forces, therefore, are the electrostatic interactions between the fixed dipole in
one molecule and an ion.
ION-DIPOLE
• Most commonly found in solutions.
• Especially important for solutions of ionic
compounds in polar liquids.
• A positive ion (cation) attracts the partially
negative end of a neutral polar molecule.
• A negative ion (anion) attracts the partially
positive end of a neutral polar molecule
ION-DIPOLE
• Ion-dipole attractions become stronger as
either the charge on the ion increases, or as
the magnitude of the dipole of the polar
molecule increases
• Example is the salt and water
