Lecture #1

Engineering Drawing
 Lecture #1

Engineering Drawing
ውድ ተመልካቾቼ በዚህ የመጀመሪያ ክፍል የምንዳሣቸው ነጥቦች
You best my followers፣ in this part one introduction፣ we will
focus on the following points
1. What mean TD
2. What mean ED
3. Difference b/n TD & ED
4. Elements of ED
5. Drawing method
1፣
2
 1። Technical Drawing(TD)

o Technical drawing, drafting or drawing, is the act and discipline

of composing drawings that visually communicate how something
functions or is constructed.
o ቴክኒካል ሰእል፣ ማርቀቅ፣ ወይም መሳል፡ አንድ ነገር እንዴት እንደሚሰራ
ወይም እንደሚገነባ በምስል የሚገልጹ ሰሎችን የመጻፍ ተግባርና ዲሲፕሊን
ነው።
o TD is used to explain ideas that are extremely difficult to explain
with only written or spoken words.
o TD is the process of making detailed standardized drawings.
o ቴክኒካል ስእል ዝርዝር ደረጃዎችን የጠበቀ ስእል የማድረግ ሂደት ነው።
TD is Used by:
o Architects, Designers, Drafters, Engineers
 2። Engineering Drawing(ED)

o ED is a type of TD that is used to convey information

about an object. A common use is to specify the
geometry necessary for the construction of a component
and is called a detail drawing.
o ስለ አንድ ነገር መረጃ ለማስተላለፍ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል።
o የጋራ አጠቃቀም ለአንድ አካል ግባታ አስፈላጊ የሆነውን
ጂኦመትሪ የሚገልጥና የዝርዝር ስእል ተብሎ ይጠራል
 3። Elements of Engineering Drawing

o Engineering drawing is made up of graphics & word

language
Graphics language:
 Describes a shape (mainly)
Word language:
 Describes size, location, &
specification etc. of the object.
 From right, from left, from top, from bottom, front, Circle,
sphere, square, tapper, length, height, width, thickness, radius,
diameter,
, R9.5, 8mm, cm, inch, 3*0.5, 2*R9.5 , 38, 19 etc.
 4። Drawing method
Freehand drawing(sketching):
o The lines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers.
 Drawing method
Instrumental drawing:
o The lines, circles, curves etc. are drawn concisely and
accurately using instruments. Thus the drawings are
usually made to scale.
 Drawing method
ሰላም ጤና ይስጥልኝ የተወደዳችሁና የተከበራችሁ የቻናሌ ተከታታዮች
እንደምን አላችሁልኝ?
ዛሬ የቴክኒካል ድራዊንግ እና የኢንጅነሪንግ ድራዊንግ ክፍል ሁለት መረጃ ይዜላችሁ
ቀርቢያለሁ።
ቻናሌን ሰብስክራይብ፣ ላይክ፣ ኮመንት እንዲሁም ለሌሎች እያጋራችሁ
እስከመጨረሻው ድረስ አብራችሁኝ ቆዩ።

Hello my bests
I come with part one explanation of technical drawing &
engineering drawing.
Please subscribe, like, comment and share this channel
and also weit with me until the end of this video
ውድ ተመልካቾቼ በዚህ የመጀመሪያ ክፍል የምንዳሣቸው ነጥቦች
1፣
 Drawing method
ውድ ተመልካቾቼ ለዛሬው ይዜላችሁ የቀረብኩት መረጃ ይህንን ይመስል ነበር።
ቻናሌን ሱብስክራይብ፣ ላይክ፣ ኮመንት ማድረጋችሁን እና ለሌሎች ማጋራታችሁን
እንዲሁም አዳዲስ ቪደኢዮወች ሲለቀቁ የማሳወቂያ መልክት እንዲደርሳችሁ
የደወል ምልክቷን መጫናችሁን እንዳትረሱ እያሳሰብኩ በቀጣዩ ክፍል እስከምንገናኝ
መልካም ጊዜ ተመኘሁ።
Sure see you again
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Thank you so much my dear.
 Dimensioning
o A dimension is a numerical value expressed in
appropriate units of measurement and used to define the
size, location, orientation, or other geometric
characteristics of a part.
o Dimensioning is the art of writing the various sizes or
measurement on the finishing drawing of an object.
Basic Kinds of dimensioning
• Linear (horizontal, vertical, aligned, rotated, ordinate,
baseline and continued)
• Angular
• Radial(Diameter)
 Dimensioning
Types of dimension:
Size or functional dimension(S):
o It indicates sizes (e.g. length, height, diameter, etc.)
Location or datum dimension(L):
o It shows location or exact position of various
constructional details within the object.
 Dimensioning
o Elements of dimensioning include:

 Projection line
 Dimension line
 Leader line
 Dimension line
origin indication
 Its termination
 Notes
 The dimension etc.
 Elements of Dimensioning
Dimension line:
Thin continuous line used to indicate the measurement.
Extension line:
Thin continuous line extending beyond the outline of the
object.
Arrow-head:
Used to terminate the dimension line, length, width. Width
ratio is 3:1. space filled up.
 Elements of dimensioning
Note: gives information regarding specific operation relating
to a feature.
Leader(pointer) line:
 Thin continuous line connecting a note or a dimension
figure with the feature to which it applies. One end of the
leader terminates in an arrow-head or dot.
 The other end of a leader is terminated in a horizontal
line underlining the note.
 The arrowhead touches the outline while the dot is
placed within the object or on the outline.
Symbol: The representation of any object by some mark on
the drawing. It saves time and labor.
Notations of dimension

Arrow Head
 Rules for leader lines
o A leader line is never drawing horizontal, vertical or
curved
o It is drawn at an angle not less than 300 to the line that it
touches
o When pointing to a circle or arc, it is drawn radially
Arrowheads and dimension line positioning
o A dimension line- is placed at least 6-8 mm
away from an outline and from each other.
o An extension line- extends 3mm beyond a
dimension line
o Arrowhead-placed at each end of a dimension line,
its pointed end touches an outline, extension line or a
centerline. It is also placed at end of a leader line
Arrowheads and dimension line positioning
 Units of Dimensioning
o As for as possible all dimensions should be given in
millimeters omitting the abbreviation mm.
o If another unit is used, only the dimension figures
should be written. But a foot note such as ‘All the
dimensions are in centimeters’ is inserted in a
prominent place near the title box.
e.g. 15.50
0.75 (zero must precede the decimal point
15.50.75 (zero is omitted)
 Ways of placing the dimension in series
Chain dimensioning:
Dimensions are arranged in a straight line.
Parallel dimensioning:
All the dimensions are shown from a common base line.
The smaller dimension is placed near the view.
Combined dimensioning:
Chain and parallel dimensioning used simultaneously.
Progressive dimensioning:
One datum or surface is selected which reads as zero. All
the dimensions are referred to that point or surface.
Way of placing the dimensions in a series
 Dimensioning system
Aligned system:
o The dimensions are placed perpendicular to the
dimension line.
o It may be read from bottom edge or right hand edge of
the drawing.
o In other word, on a horizontal dimension, it is horizontal
while, on a vertical dimension, it is in the vertical
direction.
Unidirectional system:
o All the dimensions are placed in one direction only.
o These are normally put from left to right whether
written on a horizontal/inclined dimension.
o All dimensions are placed such that they can be read
from the bottom of the drawing sheet.
Dimensioning system
 Some important rules for dimensioning
1. Only necessary dimensions for the correct functioning of
the part should be expressed directly on the drawing.
2. Dimensions should be placed at
finished surfaces or important center
lines where its use is shown more clearly.
3. Dimensions should not be placed
on the object, unless that is
the only clear option
4. Every dimension should be given, but none should be given
more than once.
5. Dimensions should be attached to
the view that best shows the
shape of the feature to be
dimensioned.
6. Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines
 Some important rules for dimensioning
7. Mutual crossing of dimension lines and dimensioning
between hidden lines should be avoided. Also it should
not cross any other line of the drawing.
8. Dimension line should be drawn at least 8 mm away
from the outlines and from each other.
9. The extension line should be extended by about 3 mm
beyond the dimension line.
10. Holes should be located by their
center lines.
11. In general, a circle is
dimensioned by its diameter;
an arc by its radius.
 Some important rules for dimensioning
12. Dimension numbers should be centered
between arrowheads, except when using
stacked dimensions where the numbers
should be staggered.
13. Leaders should slope at a 30, 45 or 60 degree
angle.
14. A center line may be extended and used
as an extensionline.
15. Avoid crossing extensionlines when possible
16. Never cross dimension lines.
17. A dimension should be attached to only one
view (i.e., extensionlines should not connect
two views).
 Some important rules for dimensioning
18. Overall dimensions should be placed on the greatest
distance away from the object so that
intermediate dimensions can nest
closer to the object to avoid crossing extension
lines.
19. Aligned system of dimensioning is recommended.
20. An outline or a Centre line should never be used as a
dimension line. A Centre line may be extended to serve as
an extension line
21. When the space is too narrow, the arrow-head may be
placed outside.
22. The various methods of dimensioning different sizes of
circles are as follows.

23. Arcs of circles should be dimensioned by their respective

radii
24. Radii of a spherical surface and square cross section of a
rod is shown as bellow:

25. Angular dimension may be given as follows:

26. Method of dimensioning of chamfer:

27. Dimensioning of Tapered surface:

 Scales

o A scale is defined as the ratio of the dimensions of the

object as represented in a drawing to the actual
dimensions of the same.
o The proportion by which the drawing of an object is
enlarged or reduced is called the scale of the drawing
E.g., the scale of 1:50 means that 1 mm on the drawing
represents 50 mm on the object. This means that the object is
50 times larger than the drawing of it.
 Scales

Types of scale
o Engineering scale: the relation between the dimension
on the drawing and the actual dimension of the object is
mentioned numerically (like 10 mm=10 m)
o Graphical scale: scale is drawn on the drawing itself.
This takes care of the shrinking of the engineering’s scale
when the drawing becomes old.
 Scale

Actual
Object
Image Actual
Scale down Object
1:2

Image
Scale up 2:1
 Lines

o Line used to graphically represent physical objects.

Meaning of line
o Visible lines: represent features that can be seen in the
current view
o Hidden lines: represent features that can not be seen in
the current view
o Center lines: represents symmetry, path of motion,
centers of circles, axis of symmetrical parts.
o Dimension & Extension lines: indicate the sizes and
location of features on a drawing.
 Lines

o Cutting plane line: are thin, medium-dashed lines, or

thick alternately long-and double short-dashed that may
be used to define sections for section views.
o Section line: are thin lines in a pattern (pattern
determined by the material being “cut” or “section”)
used to indicate surfaces in section views resulting from
“cutting”. Section lines are commonly referred to as
“cross-hatching”.
 Basic Line types

Continuous thick 0.7 mm

Continuous thin 0.3 mm

Continuous wavy 0.3 mm

Continuous thin with zig-zag 0.3 mm

t0.3 mm
s0.3 mm

0.3 mm
Basic Line types
Basic Line types
 Basic Line types
Example: line conventions in drawing
 Drawing Standards

o Standards: are set of rules that govern how technical

drawings are represented.
o Standards: are used that drawings convey the same
meaning to everyone who reads them.
Standard Code
Drawing Sheet
 Drawing Sheet

=2A1

A4

=2A4

=2A2

=2A3
 Drawing Sheet

A4
A3 A2

A1 A0
 Lettering
o Lettering is an umbrella term that covers the art of
drawing letters, instead of simply writing them.
 Lettering
o Lettering: is Writing of title, dimensions, notes and
other important particulars on a drawing.
Classification of lettering
Single-Stroke Letters:
o The thickness of the line of the letter is obtained in one
stroke of the pencil.
o It has two types: Vertical and inclined (slope 750 with
the horizontal)
o The ratio of height to width varies but in most of the case
it is 6:5
o Lettering is generally done in capital letters.
o The lower-case letters are generally used in architectural
drawings.
 Lettering
Single-Stroke Letters:
o The spacing between two letters should not be
necessarily equal.
o The letters should be so placed that they do not appear
too close together too much apart.
o The distance between the words must be uniform and at
least equal to the height of the letters.
o Lettering, except the dimension figures, should be
underlined to make them more prominent.
Size of Alphabets for Drawing
Lettering
 Lettering

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
1234567890

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
Example: Good and poor Lettering
Drawing Tools
Drawing Tools
List of Drawing Tools

1. Drawing table

3
T-square
4. Triangles(set square and
 List of Drawing Tools

6
caliper 7. 2H or HB for thick line 4H
for thin line Pencils

5
Compass & divider
8. Sharpener
 List of Drawing Tools

9. Pencil eraser 11. Clip & Adhesive/masking

10. marker
tape

12. Sandpaper
13. Protractor
 List of Drawing Tools

14. Erasing shield 15. Template

17. Mini drafter 18. Tissue Paper

16. French curve
Layout of Drawing Sheet

Border line with title block

Detail title block

Layout of Drawing Sheet
Layout of Drawing Sheet

Notes:
All the dimensions are in millimeters.
 [Link]

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CLIENT
 5

20

20 40 20 30 45 20 10
50
[Link] Yeshiwas G. Material steel TITLE Q.T.Y 1
40 16
[Link]. 0921… Unit mm Sheet 1/1
30 INSTITUTI
[Link] Gadisie [Link]. 1 ON Scale 1:1
20
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10 Projection
CLIENT Friehiwot Size A4 18
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 Projections

o Creating a view of an object on a plane (imaginary…

here)
o The object shown if surrounded by 3 surfaces or planes
(vertical, side and horizontal) each of the 3 views is
called projection
o The three surfaces or planes are to be represented on
paper as one flat surfaces.
o On a sheet of paper we can use projection principles to
draw something.
 Projections

Projection Principles/Types of Projection

o Perspective Projection
o Orthographic/Parallel Projection
o Oblique Projection
o Axonometric / Isometric Projection
Projections used usually in technical drawing are:
o Orthographic
o Isometric
o oblique
 Projections

Perspective Projection:
o Here the distance between observer & the object is finite.
o When the light falls on the object.. It gets reflected ...rays
pass through the lens & .falls on the retina ...forms an
image which is perceived by brain ...& the story u know.
o It is a method of drawing three-dimensional objects
generally on a flat surface, of an image or it is the view
as seen by the human eye.
o In it farther away object from the viewer, small it
appears.
o This property of projection gives an idea about depth.
 Projections

Perspective Projection:
o Two main characteristics of perspective are vanishing
points and perspective foreshortening.
o It use one, two, or three vanishing points depending on
how much the artist wants to work. But, it is not a good
idea in technical drawing.
o Due to foreshortening object and lengths appear smaller
from the center of projection.
o More we increase the distance from the center of
projection, smaller will be the object appear.
 Projections

Perspective Projection: .
o In which three faces of a cube would be visible in a
single perspective view, representing the three normal
axes: x, y, and z.
o They are too much work and they do not show all the
details we may need to show.
o Also they distort both angles and dimensions.
 One-point perspective
 Two-point perspective
 Three-point perspective
 Projections
Perspective projection
 Projections

Orthographic Projection
o It is 2D representation of 3D object on a 2D plane(sheet)
o It shows each surface of the object in its actual shape.
which is also sometime called Multi-view Drawing.
o All projection lines are orthogonal to the projection plane
o It enables to create single/multiple views of the object
o Surfaces which are parallel to plane of projection form
true shapes & true dimensions and others will not be in
TRUE shape.
o All objects appear at the same scale.
 Projections

o The object is viewed along parallel lines that are

perpendicular to the plane of the drawing.
To understand this consider the following
 An observer
 An object
 A plane
Projections
 Projections

Axonometric Projection:
o It means measurement along the axes(x,y,z).
o If the all angles between them is 120º then it is isometric.
o If any two angles =120º then it is bi-metric else tri-
metric.
 Isometric Projection
 Bi-metric Projection
 Tri-metric Projection
 Projections

Isometric Projection:
o This is one of the three types of axonometric
projections.
o To understand this consider a cube resting on one of its
corner in such a way the three mutually perpendicular
planes/surfaces of cube are equally inclined to the plane
of projection.
o It is 3D view on a 2D plane(sheet). This is done by
Pictorial Representation (Illusion of 3D on 2D) by
showing 3 surfaces of the object in one drawing.
 Projections

Isometric Projection:
o It Sketch focuses on the edge of an object.
o It is usually drawn using 30 /60 degrees angles.
o All measured angles are all equal to 120 degrees. That's
similar(ISO) angles metric(measurements).
So view is distorted but a pictorial one.
o Normally created using a scale called Isometric Scale &
this is called as Isometric Projection.
 Projections

Isometric Projection:
 Projections

Isometric Projection:
 Projections

Oblique Projection:
o Similar to isometric projection, and also ‘‘simulated
perspective’’.
o The side of the object facing you is drawn ‘‘square’’ and
accurate (that is with right angles at and its
measurements proportional)
o Observer looks at the object from infinity at an angular
direction.
o It is not what the Observer sees but it is the projection
actually obtained on a plane of projection.
o It more focus on the front side of an object or the face.
 Projections

Oblique Projection:
o The 3rd dimensions of the Oblique Drawing are simply
projected at 45 degrees parallel to each.
 Cavalier Method
 Cabinet Method
 Projections

Orthographic projections
It is the graphical method used in modern engineering
drawing, in order to interpret and communicate with
engineering drawings.
It relied on the perpendicular projection of geometry from
perpendicular planes. It means to draw at right angles and
descriptive geometry.
 Projections

Orthographic projection drawing

• It is the use of a two-dimensional (2-D) drawing to
represent a three-dimensional (3-D) object.
– Only two dimensions are shown
– Multiple views of the same object are given
 Projections

Orthographic projections
Projections created with the object placed in the first quadrant
are said to be in first angle projection, and likewise, projections
created with the object placed in third quadrant are said to be in
third angle projection
 Projections

Orthographic projections
Consider the 1st quadrant.
The resultant drawing of the cone would be obtained flatting
the two perpendicular projections planes. As shown in
figure.

For this example, you could say that the right hand side
image is the plan or top elevation and the image to the left is
the side elevation.
 Projections

Orthographic projections
Consider the 1st quadrant.
Viewing from the left: the drawn image on the right is your
view of the drawn object on the left
Viewing from right: the drawn image on the left is your view
of the drawn object on the right
Generally for 1st angle projection EYE>OBJECT>IMAGE

e.g. Multiview drawing in

1st angle projection
 Projections

Orthographic projections
Consider the 3rd quadrant.
The resultant drawing of the cone would be obtained flatting
the two perpendicular projections planes. As shown in
figure.

For this example, you could say that the left hand side image
is the plan or top elevation and the image to the right is the
side elevation.
 Projections

Orthographic projections
Consider the 3rd quadrant.
Viewing from the left: the drawn image on the left is your
view of the drawn object on the right
Viewing from right: the drawn image on the right is your
view of the drawn object on the left
Generally for 1st angle projection EYE>IMAGE>OBJECT

e.g. Multiview drawing in

1st angle projection
 Projections

Orthographic projections symbols

1st and 3rd angle projections are approved internationally
with equal status. The system used must be clearly indicated
on every drawing using the appropriate symbol shown in
figure below.

Figure projection system

symbol recommended
proportions
Projections
Projections
Projections
 Projections

Multiview Orthographic projections

This is an introduction into how to create and interpret
multi-view orthographic projection drawings.
e.g. First angle projection
F=front, L=left, R=right, P=plan(Top).

In first angle projection you are given the object then the
 Projections

Multiview Orthographic projections

First angle projection sketching steps
1. Chose which view direction or face will be used as the
front view of the component.
2. Draw the outline of the front view, and leaving room for
the other views.

3. Draw feint construction lines out

from the front view
4. Start to draw the outlines of the
other views. Using sides you know the length of.
 Projections

Multiview Orthographic projections

First angle projection sketching steps
5. Complete the details of the views by adding any required
hidden detail lines, other outlines and center lines.
6. With first angle projection the plan view is below the
front view. If you had placed the plane view above the front
view it would actually have to become the bottom or
underside view
 Projections

Multiview Orthographic projections.

e.g. Third angle projection

All things are the

same with 1st angle
projection except the
position of the views

In third angle, the views give the image then the object. In
other word. What you see then what you are looking at.
 Pictorial Drawing

Pictorial drawing is the use of a three-dimensional (3-D)

drawing to represent a three-dimensional (3-D) object.
Looks more like the actual object than an orthographic
projection view.
Some or all of the dimensions are inherently distorted
Many variations of the distortion are used to create pictorial
drawings with desired visual effects.
 Pictorial drawing

Pictorial views can be created to give a more 3D impression

of object. There are three types of pictorial projection
commonly used. As shown below.

Perspective, isometric and oblique

 Pictorial drawing

Perspective: used more with freehand sketching.

Parallel lines appear to converge and meet at what is referred
to as the vanishing point. You can have one, two, or three
vanishing points(VP)

Isometric: reading lines drawn at 30o and are usually kept at

true measured lengths
 Pictorial drawing

Oblique: front face sketched as a true shape. Start with two

axes, one horizontal, one vertical. The third axis is usually at
45o and lengths are reduced by 50% of true lengths.
Sometimes called “cabinet” projection.
 Sectioning

Sectioning used to show the inside details of a component. It

is imagined to be cut or sectioned along a plane, the cutting
plane.
Cutting planes are designed with capital letters, such as A-A
in figure.
 Sectioning

o The side of the plane nearest the viewer is removed and the
remaining details are shown as a sectional view, as
demonstrated with section x-x in figure.
o The arrows indicate the direction to view the component
when defining the sectioned view.
Sectional view are produced to:
o Clarify details
o Show internal features clearly
o Reduce number of hidden lines required.
o Aid dimensioning
o Show cross section shape
o Clarify an assembly
Sectioning
 from left enter 5 mm & draw
5 from right enter 5 mm & draw
vertical line
vertical line