MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF

METALS
Group 5:
1.Chan Nyein Htoo
2.Nguyễn Như Chính
3.Nguyễn Đình Thái
4.Vũ Quang Khải
5.Vũ Xuân Quý
6.Nguyễn Đức Việt
7.Soe Soe Wai

School Of Metals Science and

Engineering
PRESENTATION CONTENT
1. Stress And Strain Curve Of Metals Under
Deformation
2. Describing Each Regime Corresponding To The
Materials Behaviour
3. Mechanical Properties Of Hardness, Yield Strength,
Young Modulus And Toughness
4. Importance Of Specific Property To Certain
Application
5. Mechanism Of Strengthening Of Metals And Alloys

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 1. Stress And Strain Curve Of Metals Under Deformation

a: True elastic limit Stress

- The lowest stress at
which dislocation move. When
the stress is removed, the
material go back to the original
state.
b: Yield point
- Limit of elastic behavior and
beginning of plastic behavior.
c: Elastic limit / Ultimate
strength
- Beyond the elastic limit,
permanent deformation will
occur. Strain
d: Fracture point
- The material completely Stress And Strain Curve Of Metals Under Deformation
break off.

O-a: elastic region ; a-b: yeilding ; b-c: strain hardening ; c-d: necking ; b-d: plastic region

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3.1. Hardness

• Definition: Hardness is the ability of a material to resist indentation or cutting,

as well as abrasion. In other words, hardness indicates the degree of resistance
of a material to local deformation due to compressive loading

HR = Rockwell hardness

E = constant, depending on the type of indenter (130 for Rockwell scale B and
100 for Rockwell scale C)

h = permanent depth of penetration due to major load (mm)

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1.Hardness

where F is the pressure of the diamond in kilograms-force and A is the surface

area of the remaining indentation, in square millimeters
d is the average length of the diagonal left by the indenter
• Hardness Type: There are three types of hardness for materials: scratch hardness,
which describes plastic deformation or breakage due to friction; concave
stiffness, which describes the resistance to local plastic deformation due to
constant compressive loading; and response hardness, which relates to the
elasticity of the material and describes the height of the "bounce" of diamond
tools such as diamond-tipped hammers falling onto the material from a specified
height
• Test Methods: There are many methods for testing and determining the
indentation hardness of materials, but the two most common methods used in
linear load carrying applications are the Brinell, Rockwell and Vickers
3.2. Young modulus

• Definition: Young's modulus is the slope of the linear portion of the stress-strain
curve for a material under tension or compression. In other words, Young's
modulus is a measure of the stiffness or elastic resistance of a material when
force is applied vertically.

• Formula: Young's modulus (E) is defined as the ratio of the stress (force per unit
area) applied to the material and the axial strain (movement or deformation) that
results in linear elastic region of the material

• Strain – ε=dL/L (m/m, in/in)

• Stress – σ=F/A(N/m2, lb/in2, psi)

• Young's Modulus - Tensile Modulus, Modulus of Elasticity – E(Pa, N/m2, lb/in2, psi)

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3.2. Young modulus

Units of measurement: Young's modulus is often measured in units of force per

unit area, such as pounds per square inch (psi) or megapascals (MPa)
3.3 Yield strength
• Definition: Yield strength, also known as yield strength, is the limit at which a
material begins to deform plastic⁴. In other words, yield strength is the
maximum limit of elastic behavior . Ductile materials such as metals have higher
yield strength values than plastics

• Yielding Point: Yielding point is the point at which nonlinear deformation

begins
3.4. Toughness
• Definition: Toughness, also known as toughness, is the ability of a material to
absorb energy and deform plastic without causing breakage. Another definition
of toughness is the amount of energy per unit volume that a material can absorb
before causing rupture.
• Measurement: Toughness can be determined by integrating the stress-strain
curve. It is the energy of mechanical deformation per unit volume before
fracture. Toughness can also be determined in relation to areas of the stress-
strain diagram
• Unit of measurement: Tensile toughness (or strain energy, UT) is measured in
units of joules per cubic meter () or equivalently newton-meters per cubic meter
(), in the SI system.

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3.4. Toughness
4. Importance of specific property to certain application

1.Hardness
-The hardness of materials will determine its strength and resistance to bending
and deforming.
-Hardness testing will ensure the quality of material.
-Hardness testing is used for making a combination of different materials.
-Through hardness testing, you will estimate the life of a particular product.
-The hardness test will show the durability of the materials or products.

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4. Importance of specific property to certain application

2.Yield strength
-Yield strength is used to determine thi maximum permissible load.
-By knowing yield strength, we can design safer and more durable parts.
-Yield strength is an important factor when selecting materials.
-Knowing yield strength is critical for ensuring the safety of structures and
components.
-Yield strength also plays a role in manufacturing processes.

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4. Importance of specific property to certain application

3.Young modulus
-Young modulus of material will help estimate how much it will deform under a
given load.
-Young modulus is used to compare the stiffness of different materials
-Young modulus is also important in biomechanics.
-In materials testing it is used to evaluate the quality of materials.
-Young modulus is important in the field of nanotechnology.
.

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4. Importance of specific property to certain application

4.Toughness (Fracture toughness)

-Knowing fracture toughness helps to determine the safety of material.
-It also helps to determine the life of materials.
-And allow for cost savings through reduced premature maintenance

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5.Mechanism Of Strengthening Of Metals And Alloys

WHY STRENGTHENING IS NEEDED…

• In pure stare of some metal, the strength is not sufficient
for specific engineering work.
• All the metal have movable internal dislocations due to
stresses associated with the forming process.
• Movement of these dislocations cause plastic
deformation.
• By avoiding the movement of the dislocations, metals can
be strengthen.

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5.Mechanism Of Strengthening Of Metals And Alloys

MAIN TYPES OF STRENGTHENING METHODS

• Grain-size reduction.
• Solid-solution alloying.
• Strain hardening (work hardening or cold working).
• Annealing of deformed metals.

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5.Mechanism Of Strengthening Of Metals And Alloys

GRAIN-SIZE REDUCTION.
• Grains are not well oriented in
polycrystalline materials as single
crystal materials.

• Barrier to dislocation
movement.(changes or
stops the path of the
dislocation)

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5.Mechanism Of Strengthening Of Metals And Alloys

• By increasing the number

of grains, the no of barriers
to the dislocation also
increases. Therefore by
reducing grain size, the no
of barriers can be increased

• High-angie grain boundaries blook slip and icrease strength of the

material. Because the pressure of the slip is stopped by exerting
much by large angles

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THANK
YOU !

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