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Taxonomy
CLO Description PLO
level
1 Discuss various survey equipment and techniques 1
to be used for linear and angular measurements (Engineering
and for computing the areas of plots C2
Knowledge)
TRAVERSE SURVEY
Traverse Surveying
A traverse surveying is one in which the
framework consists of connected lines whose
lengths are measured with a chain or tape
and the directions are determined with an
angular instrument.
1. Open Traverse
2. Closed Traverse
Open Traverse:
A traverse is said to be an open traverse when it does
not form a closed geometrical shape.
It consists of a series of lines extending in the same
general direction and does not return to the starting
point. Similarly, it does not start and end at points
whose positions on plan are known.
It is suitable for the survey of a long narrow strip of
country
e.g the roads, canals or railways etc.
Closed Traverse:
A traverse is said to be closed
when a complete circuit is made i.e.
when it returns to the starting
point forming a closed geometrical
shape as shown in figure.
Sum of angles for a closed traverse = (2n ± 4) 900
Where n = No. of sides of closed traverse.
+ve sign for exterior angles and –ve sign for the
interior angles.
Bearing of a line:
The direction of a survey line measured from the
fixed line of reference (the meridian) called the
bearing of a line.
The reference direction employed in a survey may be
A true or geographic meridian
A magnetic meridian
An arbitrary or assumed meridian
1. True Meridian:
The true meridian is a line in which the plane
passing through the given point and the
north and south poles intersect the surface
of earth.
The direction of a true meridian is invariable.
The direction of a line measured [Link] true
meridian is called true bearing of a line.
It is also known as Azimuth.
2. Magnetic Meridian:
The magnetic meridian is the direction
indicated by a freely suspended and properly
balanced magnetic needle, unaffected by the
local attractive forces.
The direction of a line measured [Link]
magnetic meridian is called as magnetic
bearing or simply bearing of the line.
3. Arbitrary or Assumed
Meridian:
• The arbitrary or assumed meridian is usually
the direction from a survey station to some
well defined permanent object.
• The direction between this meridian and a line
is known as arbitrary or assumed Bearing.
Systems of Bearings:
• The following two systems are commonly used
to express the bearings:
1. Whole Circle Bearing System (WCB)
2. Quadrantal Bearing System (QB)
Whole Circle Bearing System:
In the whole circle bearing system (W.C.B),
the bearing of a line is always measured
clockwise from the north meridian towards
the line right round the circle.
The direction measured is called whole circle
bearing (W.C.B).
It may have any values between 00 and 3600.
The bearing observed with the prismatic
compass are the whole circle bearings.
Quadrantal Bearing System:
In a Quadrantal bearing system, the bearing of a
line is measured clockwise or anticlockwise from
the north or the south meridian whichever is nearer
the line, towards the east or west.
In this system, the bearing is counted from 00 and
900 in each quadrant.
The bearings observed with the surveyor‟s
compass are the quadrantal bearing .
Quadrantal Bearing (QB) is also called as Reduced
Bearing (RB) .
To find QB from WCB
N
A
35O15’
W E
P
S
Solution :
Line PA lies in 1st quadrant.
Quadrant Bearing bearing of PA = N 35o 15’ E
To find QB from WCB
N
W P E
130O0’
50O
B Solution :
Line PB lies in 2nd quadrant.
S
Quadrant Bearing of PB = S 50o 00’ E
N To find QB from WCB
P E
210O15’
Solution :
Line PC lies in 3rd quadrant.
C 30 15’
O
Quadrant Bearing of PC = S 30o 15’
S
W
N To find QB from WCB
D
69O15’
W E
P
290O45’
Solution :
S
Line PD lies in 4th quadrant.
Quadrant Bearing bearing of PD = N 69o 15’ W
To find Whole Circle Bearing from QB
• Qn: PA
• Ans: Line PA is in the first quadrant. Its WCB is 35o15’
N
A
35o15’
E
W P
S
To find Whole Circle Bearing from QB
• Qn: PB
• Line PB is in second quadrant. Its QB is S50o00’E
• Its WCB = 1800 – 500 = 1300
N
A
E
W
50o
B
S
To find Whole Circle Bearing from QB
• Qn: PC
• Line PC is third quadrant. Its QB is S 30o15’ W
Its WCB would be= N
1800 + 30015’ = 2100 15’
P
E
W
30o15’
B
c S
To find Whole Circle Bearing from QB
• Qn: PD
• Line PD is in fourth quadrant. Its QB N69o15’W
D
Its WCB = 3600 0’ - 69o15’ N
69o15’
= 2900 45’
E
W P
S
Designation of Bearings:
• The Bearings are designated as below:
1. Forward Bearing or Fore Bearing (FB)
2. Backward Bearing or Back Bearing (BB)
Bearing taken in forward direction of line AB
Bearing taken in backward direction of line AB
In WCB system, BB = FB + 1800
Prismatic Compass
