Computer
Networks
Group-C
Group Members
Pratisth Stuti Bipasha Jessica Ujjwal
a Sharma Chaudhary Maharjan Soni
01 Computer networks Table Of
Contents
02 Types of computer
network
Network
03 communication
hardware
Network
04 communication
software
05
Data transmission
and its characteristics Table Of
Contents
06 Networking Media
Telecommunication
07 System and its
application
New trends in
08
computer networks
and Table Of
telecommunication
Contents
09 Case Analysis
10 References
01
Computer
network
What is Computer Network?
● A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in
order to share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files,
or allow electronic communications.
● The computers on a network may be linked through cables,
telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.
02
Types of Computer
network
Different Types of Networks
Depending upon the geographical area covered
by a network, it is classified as:
– Local Area Network (LAN)
– Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
– Wide Area Network (WAN)
– Personal Area Network (PAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)
● A LAN is a network that is used for communicating among
computer devices, usually within an office building or home.
● Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred meters,
and no more than a mile
● LAN’s can be either wired or wireless. Twisted pair,
coax or fibre optic cable can be used in wired LANs.
Advantage
● High Speed: LANs offer high data transfer speeds, making them ideal
for businesses with the need for fast and efficient communication and
data sharing within a limited geographical area.
Disadvantage
● Limited Range: LANs are typically limited to a specific geographical
area, such as a single building or campus. This limitation can be a
disadvantage for businesses with multiple locations or remote workers.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
● A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN,
ranging from several blocks of buildings to entire cities.
● A MAN often acts as a high speed network to allow sharing of
regional resources.
● Examples of MAN: Telephone company network that provides
a high speed DSL to customers and cable TV network.
Advantage
● Medium-scale Coverage: MANs provide a larger coverage area
compared to LANs, making them suitable for connecting
multiple LANs within a city or metropolitan region. This can be
beneficial for businesses with offices spread across a city.
Disadvantage
● Implementation Complexity and Cost: Setting up and
maintaining a MAN can be more complex and costly than a
LAN, which could be a drawback for smaller businesses with
limited resources.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
● WAN covers a large geographic area such as country,
continent or even whole of the world.
● A WAN and two or more LAN connected together . The lan
can be miles apart .
● The most popular WAN in the world is internet .
Advantage
● Global Connectivity: WANs offer the ability to connect geographically dispersed
offices, branches, or facilities. This is crucial for businesses with a global
presence, enabling seamless communication and data exchange over long
distances.
Disadvantage
● Potential for Slower Speeds: Compared to LANs, WANs may have slower data
transfer speeds, especially when transmitting data over long distances. This can
impact the real-time exchange of large volumes of data.
Personal Area Network (PAN)
● A PAN is a network that is used for communicating among
computers and computer devices (including telephones) in
close proximity of around a few meters within a room.
● The devices may or may not belong to the person in
question. The reach of a PAN is typically a few meters.
03
Network
Communication
hardware
● Physical devices that are essential for communication between units
operational on a computer network
● These hardware components work together to facilitate the exchange
of information allowing data to be sent and received within a network.
Devices of network communication hardware
Network Interface Card (NIC)
● Expansion card that enables a computer to
connect a network such as home network or
internet using an ethernet cable with an RJ-45
connector.
● Uses the physical layer to transmit signals and the
network layer to transmit data packets
● Offers both wired and wireless communication
techniques.
Modulator-Demodulator
● Hardware components that allows computers or other
devices such as routers to connect to the internet.
● Converts the computer’s digital signals into analog signals
and send them via the telephone line
● Converts the analog signals to digital signals that another
computer can understand
Router
● Device in a network that handles message transfers between
computers
● Use of the router is to connect (home or office network)
LAN to the internet ( WAN).
● Has a plugged-in internet cable along with cables that
connect computer on the LAN.
Switch
● Computer networking device that connects various
devices together through a single computer network.
● Many ports to which computers are plugged in
● When a data frame arrives at any port of a network
switch, it examines the destination address, perform
necessary checks and sends the frame to the
corresponding devices.
Other network communication hardware are repeater,
bridge, hubs,gateway etc.
04
Network
Communication
software
● Programs and applications that enable the exchange of data and
information between devices connected in a computer network.
● Facilitates communication by managing the transmission , reception
and processing of data across the network.
● Plays a crucial role in managing a network infrastructure and
simplifying IT operations by facilitating communication,
security,content and data sharing
Types of network communication software
Network storage software
● Allows businesses to utilize a standard interface that
manages countless databases between users or clients.
● Serves as a good manager of access between various
departments or essential communities within an
organization.
● This way, anybody having access can view or retrieve
information with just a click.
Network monitoring software
● Provides an overview of hardware usage and performance
metrics to help maintain optimal connectivity.
● Monitors network access, routers, firewalls, and switches
while measuring key performance indicators such as CPU
utilisation and more.
Web browser
● Type of network communication software that
facilitates the interaction between a user and the
World Wide Web (WWW) or other internet-based
services.
● Serves as a client application that enables users to
access and navigate information on the internet.
● Acts as a mediator between users and an internet
facilitating the exchange of information through the
implementation of various protocols, safety
measures, and rendering technologies.
Video conferencing software
● Network communication software that facilitates
real-time audio and video communication between
multiple users over a network.
● Allow various networking technologies to enable
individuals or groups to conduct meetings,
discussions, and collaborations regardless of
geographical locations.
● Examples are zoom, microsoft teams etc.
05
Data
Transmission
What is data transmission?
● Data is collection of raw facts and figures from which information
are produced.
● Data transmission are the exchange of data between two devices via
some form of transmission medium such as wire cables.
Characteristics
Delivery- The system must deliver data to the correct destination.
Accuracy- The system must deliver the data accurately.
Timeliness- The system must deliver the data in timely manner.
Jitter- It is uneven or expected delay in the packet arrival time that causes
uneven quality.
Elements of Data Transmission
Fig: Block diagram of data transmission
Types of Data Communication
06
Networking
Media
Networking media
● Also known as transmission media
● The communication channel through which data
are transmitted between sender and receiver
devices.
● In data communication, it works like a physical
paths between sender and receiver.
Types of Networking Media
Guided Media
● Use “cabling” system that guides the data
signal along specific paths.
● Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical
fiber cable are the most common guided
media.
● High speed, secure, and use for short distance
are common features for guided media
Twisted Pair Cable
● Made up two copper wire twisted to each
other and finally surrounded by outer
insulating jacket.
● One pair of wire is used for receiving
data signal and other is used for
transmitting data
Types: Unshielded Twisted pair and Shielded
Twisted Pair
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
● Commonly used in telephone system.
● Transmits both data and voice.
● Has lower bandwidth of 10Mbps and may
interfere with external source.
● Inexpensive and easy to install.
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
● Commonly used in LAN for digital data
transmission.
● Prevents the penetration of electromagnetic
noise from external source.
● Has higher bandwidth from 100 Mbps to
1000 Mbps.
Advantages
● Inexpensive and suitable for digital data transmission.
● Comparatively Faster.
● Eliminates cross talk.
Disadvantages
● Not suitable for analog data such as video transmission.
● Not possible to transfer data for longer distance.
Coaxial Cable
● Commonly used in cable TV in our home
● Has an outer plastic covering containing two
plastic conductors
● Each having separate insulated protection cover
Advantages
● Has higher bandwidth than twisted pair cable
● Better noise immunity
● Can support multiple channel in a medium.
Disadvantages
● It is expensive than twisted pair cable
● It is inflexible and not suitable for digital data
transmission.
Optical Fibre Cable
● Made up glass or plastic that transmits signal in
the form of light.
● Includes a pack of glass threads which transmits
modulated message with light wave.
Advantages
● Suitable for long distance data transmission with higher bandwidth.
● Thinner and lightweight.
● Immunity to electromagnetic interference.
Disadvantages
● High cost.
● Not flexible as other cables and hence, difficult to install.
UNGUIDED TRANSMISSION MEDIA
- Means of transmitting data without the use of
physical cables or conductors.
- Transmits information through the air or space.
Day Day
- Used for larger distances.
1 3
- Examples- Radio waves, Microwaves,infrared
waves etc.
RADIO WAVES
● Electromagnetic waves that are transmitted
in all the directions of free space.
● Radio waves are omnidirectional,cover large
area and can penetrate through walls
● The range in frequencies of radio waves is
from 3 khz to 300 ghz.
● Example - FM radio,Television etc.
.
Advantages
- Can travel through long distances in all directions
- Can penetrate through walls making indoor and outdoor communication
possible
Disadvantages
- Is susceptible to weather changes
- Not secure
MICROWAVES
Two types of microwaves-
- Terrestrial microwaves
- Satellite microwaves
Terrestrial Microwave
- Transmits the focused beam of a radio signal
from one ground-based microwave transmission
antenna to another
- Ranges from 1GHz to 1000 GHz.
- Microwaves are unidirectional.
Advantages
- Cost-effective to deploy compared to laying physical cables over long
distances
- Efficient for connecting in remote locations
- Can carry 25000 voice channels at the same time
Disadvantages
- Susceptible to weather conditions
- Need of repeaters at regular intervals making it expensive to install
Satellite Microwaves
- Satellite accepts the signal that is transmitted
from the earth station, and it amplifies the
signal. The amplified signal is retransmitted to
another earth station.
- Is generally used for remote areas.
- Used in mobile and wireless communication
applications.
Advantages
- Economical and specially useful for remote areas
- Offer secure channels for sensitive information transmission
Disadvantages
- Affected by weather conditions
- Initial set up cost and maintenance can be quite expensive
- Need for security measures to be taken for unauthorised access
INFRARED WAVES
- It is a wireless technology used for
communication over short ranges.
- Ranges from 300 GHz to 400 THz.
- It cannot penetrate through the wall.
- Examples - TV remote,data transfers
between cell phones in a same closed area
etc.
Advantages
- Can be set up at a low cost.
- Secure way to transfer data between devices as the signal cannot pass
beyond a room
Disadvantages
- Can be used for a small range distance.
- Signals are impacted by sunlight or other light sources.
- Lower data transfer rate.
07
Telecommunication
System
TELECOMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
A collection of elements which work together to establish communication between
sender and receiver
The basic elements of telecommunication system are:
- Communicator - is the sender,speaker who wants to express message
- Communicatee - is the receiver for whom the message is sent
- Message - is the content,subject matter of the process
- Channel - is the pathway or medium used to transmit and convey information
between a sender and a receiver.
- Feedback- is the effect ,reply to the information transmitted
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Analog System
- Transmitting data with the help of analog signals
between receiver and transmitter
- Data is transmitted through continuous signals which
varies in amplitude ,phase and frequency
- Data is converted into electric form and then passed
through communication channel
- Examples - FM Radio, Television broadcast etc.
Digital System
- Transmitting data with the help of digital signals
between receiver and transmitter
- Data is transmitted through discrete values
- Physical transfer of data occurs in form of digital
bit stream
- Example- Text message, E-mail etc.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANALOG AND
DIGITAL
ANALOG SIGNALS DIGITAL SIGNALS
Data is transmitted through continuous Data is transmitted through discrete
signal. values.
It is represented by sine waves. It is represented by square waves
Bandwidth is low. Bandwidth is high.
It doesn’t offer any fixed range. It has finite number ,i.e 0 and 1.
It is more susceptible to degradation over It is more resistant to environment
distance and environmental factor like degradation.
noise.
APPLICATIONS
- Helps to seamlessly integrate global connection through real time voice calls, video
calls, data transfer etc.
- Plays an important role in health care industry by assisting remote diagnosis,
consultation, and patient monitoring through audio, video, and data transmission
technologies
- Helps individuals to seek immediate assistance from police, fire, or medical
services during crises.
- Connects sensors, devices, and infrastructure, improving resource management and
city services and helps to transform cities .
- Facilitates e-learning platforms and distance
education programs,
- Helps to facilitate secure electronic transactions,
online banking, and fund transfers
- Helps to streamline business communication
internally as well as with customers and also
helps to increase operational efficiency
08
New trends in computer
networking and
telecommunications
5G Technology
● Ultra-fast speeds propel rapid data transfer.
● Low latency enhances real-time applications.
● Massive device connectivity fuels IoT growth.
● Network slicing enables customized virtual segments.
● Industry transformations driven by 5G.
● Innovation and efficiency across diverse sector.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine
Learning (ML)
● AI, ML reshape digital landscape profoundly.
● Algorithms learn, adapt, predict autonomously.
● Deep learning unveils hidden patterns.
● Automation accelerates with intelligent algorithms.
● Cognitive systems mimic human intelligence.
● AI, ML redefine industries, spur innovation.
Internet of Things (IoT)
● Connected devices, transforming daily life.
● Smart homes, cars, appliances, and more.
● Interconnected network, sharing information globally.
● Efficiency, convenience, and automation achieved.
● Data collected, analyzed, for informed decisions.
● Improved productivity, safety, and sustainability.
● Internet of Things, shaping our future.
Network Slicing
● Virtualized segments optimize network resources.
● Tailored connectivity for diverse application needs.
● Efficient resource allocation enhances performance.
● Customized slices ensure optimal user experiences.
● Network flexibility for evolving technological
demands.
● Dynamic, isolated segments meet specific
requirements.
Cybersecurity
● Protecting data, networks, and systems.
● Preventing breaches, securing digital assets.
● Detecting threats, responding with resilience.
● Firewalls, encryption, and robust authentication.
● Continuous monitoring, patching vulnerabilities,
fortifying.
● Cybersecurity, safeguarding the digital world.
09
Case Analysis
(COCA-COLA)
Background
● Coca-Cola, one of the world's most iconic beverage
companies, has strategically leveraged computer
networks to enhance various aspects of its business
operations, from inventory management to
marketing and customer engagement.
Inventory management
● Networks monitor inventory across vast facilities.
● Optimizes production schedules, ensures availability.
● Real-time tracking in production, distribution.
● Enhances efficiency in supply chain.
● Enables timely product availability globally.
● Streamlines inventory management for effectiveness.
Enterprise Resource Planning
(ERP)
● ERP integrates Coca-Cola's diverse processes.
● Streamlines operations, enhances communication, improves
decisions.
● Utilizes computer networks for seamless integration.
● Enhances collaboration, efficiency, and data management.
● Improves decision-making through integrated processes.
● Streamlines operations for enhanced organizational efficiency.
Cybersecurity
● Protects data with robust cybersecurity.
● Implements firewalls, encrypts sensitive information.
● Regular security audits enhance network protection.
● Safeguards business data from cyber threats.
● Enforces encryption protocols for data.
● Prioritizes cybersecurity for consumer information.
Conclusion
● Coca-Cola's strategic use of computer networks has
played a crucial role in the success and efficiency of
its business operations. From inventory management
to leveraging digital marketing and ensuring data
security, the company's commitment to technology
integration underscores its adaptability and
competitiveness in the ever-evolving global market.
10
References
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1XlWK2XJsGCiPbBH94CXHXth6TX4NMvE
o/edit#slide=id.g1ec67867bd4_1_1100
https://online.pubhtml5.com/zagt/jgty/#p=6
https://online.anyflip.com/bdcvp/dntz/mobile/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/telecommunication-system
