CSE 204
Digital Logic Design
Lecture 05
Dr. Tarem Ahmed
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
Boolean Algebra
• Like any other deductive mathematical system,
defined with a set of elements, a set of
operators, and a number of postulates and
axioms.
• Set consists of at least 2 variables, with 2 binary
operations {+} and {.} and 1 unary operation {’}
Boolean Algebra Postulates
For every x, y in set B:
x + y will be in B
x . y will be in B
For every x, y in B:
x+y=y+x
x.y=y.x
For every x in B, there exists an element x' in B such
that:
x + x' = 1
x . x' = 0
Boolean Algebra Postulates
For every x, y, z in B:
(x + y) + z = x + (y + z) = x + y + z
(x . y) . z = x .( y . z ) = x . y . z
For 0 and 1:
0 + x = x + 0 = x
1 . x = x . 1 = x
For every x, y, z in B:
x . (y + z) = (x . y) + (x . z)
x + (y . z) = (x + y) . (x + z)
Principle of Duality
Every valid Boolean expression (equality)
remains valid if the operators and identity
elements are interchanged, as follows:
+.
10
Example: Given the expression
a + (b.c) = (a+b).(a+c)
its Dual Expression is
a . (b+c) = (a.b) + (a.c)
Duality
If (x+y+z)' = x'.y.'z' is valid, then its Dual is
also valid:
(x.y.z)' = x'+y'+z’
If x + 1 = 1 is valid, then its Dual is also valid:
x.0=0
Boolean Algebra Theorems
• Handout
– Summary sheet conveniently listing
all Boolean Algebra theorems
Basic Theorems of Boolean Algebra
• Postulate 5 (a) x+0=x (b) x.1=x identity
• Postulate 3 (a) x+x’=1 (b) x.x’=0 complement
• Th 1 (a) x+x=x (b) x.x=x
• Th 2 (a) x+1=1 (b) x.0=0
• Th 3, Involution: (x’)’=x
• Postulate 2 (a) x+y=y+x (b) xy=yx commutative
• Th 4 (a) x(yz)=(xy)z (b)x+(y+z)=(x+y)+z
• Postulate 6 (a) x(y+z)=xy+xz (b) x+yz=(x+y)(x+z) Distributi-
• Th 5, DeMorgan (a) (x+y)’=x’y’ (b) (xy)’=x’+y’ -ve
• Th 6, Absorption (a) x+xy=x (b) x(x+y)=x
Basic Theorems of Boolean Algebra
Theorems can be proved using the truth
table method.
They can also be proved by algebraic
manipulation using axioms/postulates and
other basic theorems of Boolean Algebra
Proving Theorems
Theorem 2a can be proved by:
x + 1 = x+(x+x’) (complement)
= (x+x)+x’ (Th. 4)
= x+x’ (complement)
=1
By duality, theorem 2b:
x.(0) = 0
Proving Theorems (cont’d)
Theorem 6a (absorption) can be proved by:
x + x.y = x.1 + x.y (identity)
= x.(1 + y) (distributivity)
= x.(y + 1) (commutativity)
= x.1 (Theorem 2a)
=x (identity)
By duality, theorem 6b:
x.(x+y) = x
Try to prove this by algebraic manipulation…
Operator Precedence
• Parenthesis Highest
• NOT
• AND
• OR Lowest
Venn Diagram
• Venn Diagrams for Boolean Algebra
Proving Equivalence using Truth
Tables
Examples: x
0
y
0
z
0
F1
0
F2
0
F3
0
F4
0
F1 = xyz' 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 0
F2 = x + y'z 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
F3 = (x'y'z)+(x'yz)+(xy') 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1
F4 = xy'+x'z 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 0 0
• To generate the Truth Table for complex functions:
• Generate intermediate columns first!
• (Not shown here)
Practice now: F1, F2, F4…
Generate the intermediate columns!
x y z F1 F2 F3 F4
F1 = xyz' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 1 1
F2 = x + y'z 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 1
F4 = xy'+x'z 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
F3 = (x'y'z)+(x'yz)+(xy') 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 0 0
Proving Equivalence using
Boolean Algebra Theorems
• F3 = (x'y'z)+(x'yz)+(xy')
= x’y’z+x’yz+xy’
= x’z(y’+y)+xy’
= x’z(1)+xy’
= x’z+xy’
= F4
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Examples 1:
a) Simplify to minimum number of literals (variables):
xy+xy’
b) Reduce to minimum number of literals:
BC+AC’+AB+BCD
Solutions 1
• a) xy+xy’ = x(y+y’) = x.(1) = x
• b) BC+AC’+AB+BCD = BC+BCD+AC’+AB
= BC(1+D)+AC’+AB
= BC(1)+AC’+AB
= BC+AB+AC’
= BC+BA+AC’
= B(C+A)+AC’
Examples 2:
Simplify the following expressions
1. x+x’y
2. x(x’+y)
3. x’y’z+x’yz+xy’
Solutions 2
1. x+x’y = (x+x’).(x+y) = 1.(x+y) = x+y
2. x(x’+y) = xx’+xy = 0+xy = xy
3. x’y’z+x’yz+xy’ = x’z(y’+y)+xy’=x’z+xy’
Examples 3:
Simplify the following Boolean expressions to a
minimum number literals:
• a) (x + y)(x + y′)
• b) xyz + x′y + xyz′
• c) (A+B)′(A′+B′)′
Solutions 3
a) (x+y)(x+y′) = xx + xy′ + yx+yy′ = x + xy′ + xy + 0 = x (1+ y′ + y) =
x.1= x
Also (x+y)(x+y′) = x+ yy′ = x + 0 = x
b) xyz + x′y + xyz′ = xy(z+z′) + x′y = xy +x′y = y(x+x′) = y
c) (A+B)′(A′+B′)′= (A′B′).(AB) = A′B′AB = (A′A)(BB′) = (0)(0) = 0
Problems:
De Morgan’s Laws
Find the complements of the following expressions
using De Morgan’s Laws:
• a) xy′+x′y
• b) (AB′+C)D′+E
• c) (x+y′+z)(x′+z′)(x+y)
Answers:
a) [xy′+x′y]′ = (xy′)′ . (x′y)′ = (x′+y).(x+y′) = x
′x + x’y’ + yx + yy′ = 0 + x’y’ + yx + 0 = xy + x’y’
b) [(AB′+C)D′+E]′ = [(AB′+C)D′]′.E′ = [(AB′+C)′
+D] . E′= [(AB′)′.C′ +D].E′ =
[(A′+B).C′ +D].E′
c) [(x+y′+z)(x′+z′)(x+y)]′ = (x+y′+z)′+(x′+z′)′+(x+y)
′= x′yz′ + xz + x′y′
Notes
• Reading
– Mano and Kime, Ch 2-2
• HW2
– Mano and Kime, Ch 2-2
– Will be posted today
