Division : Neoptera
Winged insects that can flex their wings over
their abdomen. The wing articulation is through
axillary sclerite and pleural wing-folding
muscle
POLYNEOPTERA
Mouthparts – mandibulate. Fore wings – semi thickened
tegmina. Hind wings- fan like. Venation -complex, Cerci
present Malpighian tubules numerous. Larvae
exopterygote Metamorphosis gradual and incomplete
Order:Dermaptera, Dictyoptera, Embioptera,
Grylloblattodea, Mantophasmatodea, Orthoptera,
Phasmatodea, Plecoptera, Zoraptera
Division Neoptera-Subdivision Polyneoptera
O. Plecoptera:- Stoneflies
• Soft bodied-frequent fresh water stream
• Head-prognathous
• Eyes well developed, ocelli present
• Antennae elongate, setaceous
• Mouthparts Mandibulate, weak or vestigial
• Wings: Winged/brachypterous. Membranous held flat over
abdomen in repose
Hind pair larger with well developed anal lobes
found under stones in streams or along lake shores. A few species live in underground
water, and their nymphs sometimes appear in wells
Larvae of Ephemeroptera
Larvae of stoneflies
PLECOPTERA
BLATTODEA
• Head : Hypognathous, compound eyes usually well
developed
• Lateral ocelli usually represented by 2 pale ocelliform
spots--Fenestrae
• Antennae setaceous
• Fore wings - tegmina, hind wings - membraneous.
• Wings: Tegmina,
• Abdomen: with 10 terga, the 11th absorbed into T10.
11th sternum is represented by the paraprocts which
are concealed by the subgenital plate ventrally.
• Eggs are deposited in ootheca.
• Metamorphosis incomplete
• Families: Blattidae, Blattellidae, Blaberidae,
Nocticolidae, Polyphagidae
Sexual dimorphism
ISOPTERA
Primary reproductives Supplementary reproductives
Body Well sclerotized Less sclerotized
Compound Well developed Reduced
eyes
Wings Two pairs, large and Brachypterous, Apterous
membranous
Brain/ frontal
glands/ sexual Developed Reduced
organs
Habit/ Habitat Brief aerial life Normally not found in colonies
headed by primary reproductives
Workers Soldiers
-Most important and many in -Structurally important and undertake
numbers defense
-Head directed downwards -Great size, strong sclerotization
-Compound eyes usually absent -Present/ vestigial
-Mandibles move powerful used for -Attains striatiary form
gnawing food
-Frontal glands rudimentary -Very large
-Tarsi 5 segmented -4 segmented & rarely 5 segmented
-Hind wings with anal lobe, well -Without anal lobe
developed
• Reproductives-Primary, Secondaru/supplementary
• Non reproductive
• Termitaria-Royal cell, Fungal Garden, Forage tunnel,
• Termitophiles
• Digestion- Lower termites- Flagellate protozoans, Higher
termites-Termitomycetes, fungal garden, Ambrosia-Fungus
cultivation from feaces derived substance-Ligninase and
Cellulase from fungus
• Trophallaxis- Nutrients, Caste differentiation-Anal, oral
• Social life-Cooperation, Caste system, overlapping of
generation, Support of offsprigs
• Colony fonding-Swarming, Budding, Sociactomy(original
colony headed by replacement reproductive)
Isoptera (nests: subterranean-aerial)
mound lobe
complete mound
lobe cell cut grass
Isoptera (nests: subterranean-aerial)
“magnetic” termite mounds
Isoptera (nests: subterranean-aerial)
Isoptera (nests: aerial)
Isoptera (soldiers)
Isoptera (soldier defensive strategies)
head plugging
Isoptera (soldier defensive strategies)
mandible snapping
Isoptera (soldier defensive strategies)
chemical defense
• In the primitive families, a true worker caste is absent
and its functions are carried out by wingless nymphs
called pseudergates, which may moult from time to
time without change in size.
• Families: Kalotermitidae: include drywood, dampwood,
and powderpost termites. No worker caste-young of
other castes perform the work of the colony.
Frontanelle absent, do not consrtuct earthern tubes,
pseudergates or pseudoworkers are present. Pronotum
flat, broader than head, wings without anal lobe
MANTODEA
Cerci multi segmented. Male genetalia asymmetrical.
Eggs enclosed in ootheca
O. Phasmatodea
Stick&Leaf insects, walking sticks, phasmids
• Predominantly tropical insects
• Close resemblance to the foliage/twigs of plants on
which they occur and feed
• Large apterous or winged phytophagous insects
frequently of elongate, cylindrical form, more rarely
leaf-like.
• Tymphana and stridulatory organs are absent
• Mouthparts-mandibulate
• Prothorax short, meso and metathorax usually
elongate
• All legs similar, coxae are widely separated
• Tarsi 5-5-5
• Forewings when present are small and with
submarginal costa; wing pads do not undergo reversal
during development
• Cerci short, 1 segmented
• Ovipositor short and concealed
• Egs are thick shelled, provided with a conspicuous
operculum, deposited singly.
• Eggs – close resemblance to seeds. Shell may be
smooth and shiny or heavily sculptured.
PHASMATODEA- Walkingsticks and Leaf insects
O. Grylloblattodea- ice crawlers/ rock
crawlers
• Aperous, mandibulate mouthparts.
• Antennae 25- 50 segmented and filiform.
• Eyes reduced , ocelli absent.
• Legs cursorial with large coxae.
• Cerci long flexible.
• Ovipositor projecting.
• Nymphs subterranean
• They are mainly nocturnal
GRYLLOBLATTODEA
Grylloblattodea
MANTOPHASMATODEA
Mantophasmatodea: Gladiators, heel-walkers
• Uniform body shape
• Males smaller than females
• Genus Raptophasma-first described in 2001
• Small, 2-3 cm in length; both sexes are wingless
• Head hypognathous
• Mouthparts-chewing
• Antennae filiform
• Tarsi 5 segmented
• Cerci short, one-segmented.
The name Mantophasmatodea is an amalgamation of
the order names for praying mantids (Mantodea) and
walking sticks (Phasmatodea). It reflects the blend of
physical and ecological characteristics found in these
insects.
The order was erected in 2002
Order Embioptera
Embiidina (fauna)
Web spinning
Female with strong
parental care
Tubular silken tunnels
Asymmetrical male
cerci
Order Embiidina
CSIRO 1991:406 (5)
Hyaline stripes between veins
Embiidina (biology/ecology)
Embiidina (biology/ecology)
Dermaptera
