UNIVERSITY OF TLEMCEN-Abou Bekr Belkaid

Faculty Of Technology

Laser Beam
Welding
Presented by :
• Souidi Seyf Eddine Issam

Presented to :
• Mrs.Chabouli Meriem
 Definition
Laser means “Light Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation”, this is the term given by Richard Gordon
Gould to this invention.
Laser welding is a process that uses a laser beam to join two or more pieces of
material together. The laser beam melts the material at the joint, and the molten
material then flows together to form a solid weld.

The laser beam is generated by a laser source, which is a device that converts
electrical energy into light energy. The laser beam is then focused by a lens or
mirror onto the joint. The focused laser beam has a very high energy density, which
is what melts the material at the joint. The molten material then flows together to
form a solid weld.

The diameter of the Laser beam varies from 0.2 to 13 mm, but it is the smaller
diameters that are used for welding.
 HOW DOES LASER
WELDING WORK?
Laser welding is a technique that uses a focused collimated high-inte nsity beam of light to melt a nd fuse
metal parts, sometimes with extra ma teria l from a filler rod. The proce ss works by generating la ser light
and then delivering it to a collimator/optic s head. It is then foc used onto the junc tion of the metal pa rts,
causing a highly loc alized he at build-up and restricted melt pool.

The laser welding beam is typically genera ted by a solid-state or CO2 laser, each of which has relative
advantages. At the beam’s focus point, the metal reac he s its melting point a nd forms a loc aliz ed pool,
into which the filler rod can be melted as required. The laser beam is then moved along the surface of
the joint. This melts a leading edge and leaves the molten, fuse d trailing edge of the pool to cool and
solidify.
 Components Of Laser Welding
Equipment
Workpiece Control and
Beam Delivery Manipulation System Monitoring Systems
Laser Source Cooling System
System
This is a crucial component It comprises mirrors and lenses The cooling system maintains a This system holds the workpiece These consist of software and
responsible for laser beam that direct and concentrate the stable temperature within the steady, ensuring the beam creates hardware that manages the
generation. Different laser welding laser beam on the laser beam machine. It prevents the required specifications. It components of the laser beam
sources include CO2, and Nd: material. A typical beam delivery the laser source and other provides a stable and precise system. These systems control
YAG lasers system is paired to a CNC system components from damage due to location for the welded workpiece and monitor different parameters,
or fixed to a robotic arm. the significant amount of heat such as laser power and welding
that the laser generates. speed, during the welding
operation.
 Different Types of Lasers Used For
Laser Welding

CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) Lasers

A CO2 laser source is a mixture of gases with CO2 being the main component alongside nitrogen, helium and Ar/Kr (argon
and krypton). These lasers can operate in a continuous or pulsed mode at a low current and high voltage to excite the gas
molecules.
CO2 lasers excite carbon dioxide molecules, forcing them to emit radiation. It can then be transmitted through a reflective
pathway or light pipe before being collimated or otherwise focused to form the output laser beam.
 Nd:YAG (Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet) Lasers

Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet) solid-state lasers are commonly used for welding. This laser type
generates high-powered infrared light with a wavelength of 1.064 micrometers. It is a good option because metallic
materials absorb this wavelength better than others in the infrared spectrum. Nd:YAG setups are thus particularly useful in
welding aluminum, stainless steel, and titanium alloys. Because it combines high energy output and good focusability with
minimal maintenance requirements, this system is commonly used in industrial applications, such as automotive and
aerospace manufacturing.
Types Of Laser Welding Processes

HEAT CONDUCTION WELDING

In this method, a focused laser beam is used to melt the surface of the base materials. When
the joint solidifies, a precise and smooth weld seam is produced. Welds created using the
head conduction method do not generally need any additional finishing, the quality is great
“out of the box”.
The energy enters the weld zone only by heat conduction. This limits the welding depth and
thus the process is great for joining thin materials.

KEYHOLE WELDING (DEEP PENETRATION)

Running the process in keyhole welding (deep penetration) mode creates deep, narrow welds
with uniform structure. For metals, power densities of about 1 megawatt per square
centimetre are applied. This does not only melt the metal but vapourises it, creating a narrow
vapour-filled cavity.
This is called a keyhole cavity or vapour capillary and is filled with molten metal as the laser
beam advances through the workpiece. Keyhole welding is a high-speed process and thus, the
distortion and the formation of a heat-affected zone are kept to a minimum.
 HYBRID LASER WELDING
Laser-hybrid welding combines the concepts of electric arc and laser beam.
The two simultaneously act in the same welding zone, complimenting each
other and creating a unique welding process. Although laser welding can be
used in conjunction with virtually any arc welding process, there are some
that stand out and are used more commonly.
• MIG augmented welding (often synonymous with laser-hybrid
welding)
• TIG augmented welding
• Plasma-arc augmented welding

The hybrid welding process offers deep penetration brought by laser welding and a weld
cap profile achieved comparable to arc welding processes. Using protective shielding gases
and other arc welding consumables offer greater control over the weld characteristics than
laser welding would allow just by itself.
 THE
APPLICATIONS OF
LASER WELDING
1. Automotive 3. Medical 5. Jewelry

2. Aerospace 4. Electronics

KINDS OF MATERIALS CAN

BE WELDED USING LASER
WELDING
METALS PLASTICS CERAMICS
 Advantages of Laser Welding

• Great quality thanks to low heat input and precise laser power control.

• The process is fast which allows for low unit costs.

• Great welding depth resulting in high-strength welds.

• Allows welding material combinations that other methods can’t join.

• The simple welding equipment allows welding under special conditions.

 Disadvantages of Laser Welding

• High initial investment

• Strict tolerances require perfect workpiece assembly and laser calibration.

• Materials with high reflectivity and conductivity (aluminium and copper) can create a fussy weld
result (in the case of Co2 lasers).

• Porosity and brittleness might result from rapid solidification.

• Laser optics are quite delicate and can easily be damaged.

Conclusion
The laser welding technique is reliable and compatible
with vast materials and applications. More importantly,
it offers more desirable results than alternate welding
methods. However, to determine the right laser welding
technique for your products, it is advisable to consider
the workpiece material and the preferred results.
LASER WELDING PROCESS
Thank You
F o r Yo u r listening