Prepered bySabat Anastasia
Bleeding (hemorrhage) is the escape of blood from
capillaries, veins, and arteries.
▪ Bleeding can occur:
▪ External (outside the body)
▪ Internal (inside the body)
▪ or both.
Uncontrolled bleeding (massive bleeding), whether external or
internal, is life threatening.
Bleeding also has three types:
• Arterial Bleeding:
• The BRIGHT RED blood
"spurts" from the wound.
• Arterial bleeding is life-
threatening and difficult to
control.
• Loss of blood is pulsating.
• Venous Bleeding:
• The DARK RED (reddish
purple) blood flows in a
Capillary bleeding is usually not serious and can steady stream.
easily be controlled. • Capillary Bleeding :
Arterial and Venus bleedings are more serious and • A slow medium red blood
can be life-threatening. "oozes" from the wound
site.
EXTERNAL BLEEDING
Methods to Control Bleeding
There are four
methods to
control bleeding:
Indirect The Use of a
Direct Pressure Elevation
Pressure Tourniquet.
1. Direct Pressure 2. Elevation
• Direct pressure is the first and most effective • Elevation of an injured arm or
method to control bleeding. leg (extremity) above the level
• In many cases, bleeding can be controlled by of the heart will help control
applying pressure directly to the wound. bleeding.
• Place a sterile dressing or clean cloth on the • Elevation should be used
wound, tie a knot or adhere tape directly over together with direct pressure.
the wound, only tight enough to control • Do NOT elevate an extremity if
bleeding. you suspect a broken bone
• If bleeding is not controlled, apply another
(fracture) until it has been
dressing over the first or apply direct pressure properly splinted.
with your gloved hand or fingers over the
wound.
3. Indirect Pressure
• (ONLY) In cases of severe
bleeding when direct pressure
and elevation are not controlling
the bleeding, indirect pressure
must be used.
• Bleeding from an artery can be
controlled by applying pressure to
the appropriate pressure point.
• Pressure is applied with the
fingers, thumb, or heel of the
hand.
• Pressure Points are areas of the
body where the blood flow can be
controlled by pressing the artery
against an underlying bone.
4. The Use of Tourniquet
• A tourniquet should be used only as a last resort to
control severe bleeding
• After all other methods have failed.
• It is used ONLY on the extremities.
• Tourniquets cause tissue damage and loss of
extremities when used by untrained individuals.
• Tourniquets are rarely required and should only
be used when an arm or leg has been partially or
completely severed and when bleeding is
uncontrollable.
• A tourniquet can be a strap, belt, towel, or other
similar item. NEVER use wire, cord, or any material
that will cut the skin.
INTERNAL BLEEDING
Internal Bleeding
• Internal bleeding, although not Signs of internal bleeding include:
usually visible, can result in
serious blood loss. 1. Anxiety and restlessness.
2. Excessive thirst (polydipsia).
• Victims with internal bleeding
can develop shock before you 3. Nausea and vomiting.
realize the extent of their injuries.
4. Cool, moist, and pale skin (cold and clammy).
• Bleeding from the mouth, ears, 5. Rapid breathing (tachypnea).
nose, rectum, or other body
6. Rapid, weak pulse (tachycardia).
opening (orifice) is considered
serious and normally indicates 7. Bruising or discoloration at site of injury (contusion).
internal bleeding.
If you suspect internal bleeding, do the following:
• Apply ice or cold pack [inside a cloth to prevent damage to the skin], to reduce pain
and (edema) swelling.
• Call local emergency or medical personnel.
• Monitor circulation, airway, and breathing (CAB).
• Treat for shock.
• Place the victim in most comfortable position.
• Maintain normal body temperature.
• Reassure the victim.
